PERSPECTIVES ON MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT

1. PERSPECTIVES ON MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT Rolando Cordera Campos *, Juan Carlos Moreno-Brid* and Stefanie Garry** *ProgramaUniversitario de Estudios del Desarrollo (PUED) andFacultad de Economía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM). ** ComisiónEconómica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) Institute of Studies of Mediterranean Societies, Naples, Italy, June 2017 ) Dr. Juan Carlos Moreno-Brid Naples, June 2017

2. CONTENTS • Key concepts: Migration and development • Recenttrends in internationalmigration • Migration panorama in LatinAmerica and theCaribbean • Labourmarkets and migration • Economic and social impact of remittances • Publicpolicyconsiderations Dr. Juan Carlos Moreno-Brid Naples, 2017

3. MAXIMIZING THE POSITIVE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT • International migration in the development context relates both to people who have chosen to move of their own accord, and forced migrants who can ultimately end up contributing to the development of both their country of resettlement and possibly their country of origin specially if it is ever safe to return. • At international level it is important to harness the economic and social potential of migration for the benefit of both societies and migrants in order to contribute to sustainable development and poverty reduction. Dr. Juan Carlos Moreno-Brid Naples, 2017

4. THE CHALLENGES OF ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT • Development implies change and structural transformation; processes that today depend more and more on reductions in inequalities. • Development was conceived in the traditional literature as purely growth objectives with little attention being paid to the very diverse beneficiaries of the growth, its inclusions and exclusions, as well an its costs, environmental or others. • Sustainable development theory needs to consider: • Quality of life for individuals and their households, impact of costs and benefits on functional and personal distributions of income and wealth • Provision of basic necessities and human rights • Economic autonomy, social and environmental security • Equality Source: Authorsownelaborationbasedon M. Laura Vázquez Maggio (2017). Dr. Juan Carlos Moreno-Brid Naples, 2017

5. THEORIES OF MIGRATION: THE “NEW” ECONOMY OF MIGRATION • What motivates the decision to (voluntarily) migrate? • Groups, family units vs individuals • Augment the capacity to generate income • Reduce and diversify risks, financial or others including on life itself • Work/income opportunities and wage differentials • Remittances Source: Authors´ ownelaborationbasedon M. Laura Vázquez Maggio (2017). Dr. Juan Carlos Moreno-Brid Naples, 2016

6. KEY TOPICS ON MIGRATION & DEVELOPMENT Source: Authors´ ownelaboration. Dr. Juan Carlos Moreno-Brid Naples, 2017

7. RECENT TRENDS IN INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION • Globally, there were 244 million international migrants in 2015. • Of these, nearly 58% lived in the developed regions, while the developing regions hosted 42% of the world’s total. • Between 1990 and 2015, the number of international migrants worldwide rose by over 91 million, or by 60%. • Much of this growth occurred between 2000 and 2010, when some 4.9 million migrants were added annually, compared to an average of 2.0 million from 1990 to 2000 and 4.4 million from 2010 to 2015. Why? Source: UN DESA, PopulationDivision (2015). Dr. Juan Carlos Moreno-Brid Naples, 2017

8. RECENT TRENDS IN INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION Source: UN DESA, PopulationDivision (2015). Dr. Juan Carlos Moreno-Brid Naples, 2017

9. LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARRIBEAN REPRESENT THE SECOND LARGEST GLOBAL REGIONAL COMPOSITION OF MIGRANTS AND REMITTANCES, 2016 SHARE OF TOTAL MIGRANTS (BY ORIGIN) AND REMITTANCES BY REGION, 2016 Source: IFAD(2017). Dr. Juan Carlos Moreno-Brid Ciudad de México, 2016

10. MIGRATION TRENDS IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN • International migration has played an essential role in the demographic history of Latin America and the Caribbean. • Around 2010, immigrants represented at least 1.3% of the total population of the region, whereas emigrants made up 4.8% of the population, for a total of 7.6 million and 28.5 million migrants, respectively. • In absolute terms, Mexico, Colombia, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Haiti and Peru have the largest numbers of emigrants. • In relative terms, English-speaking countries like Guyana, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago and Saint Lucia have significant emigration, as do El Salvador, Cuba, Paraguay, Nicaragua and Mexico. • The countries that have received the largest numbers of immigrants are Argentina, the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Mexico, Brazil, the Dominican Republic and Costa Rica. Source: UN DESA, PopulationDivision (2015). Dr. Juan Carlos Moreno-Brid Naples, 2017

11. DESPITE A SLOWDOWN IN RECENT YEARS, THE MIGRANT CORRIDOR FROM LAC TO NORTH AMERICA REMAINS THE THIRD MOST IMPORTANT GLOBALLY ANNUAL CHANGE IN THE NUMBER OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRANTS ALONG THE SIX LARGEST REGIONAL MIGRANT CORRIDORS, 1990-2015 Source: UN DESA, PopulationDivision (2015). Dr. Juan Carlos Moreno-Brid Naples, 2017

12. MEXICO REMAINS THE LARGEST MIGRANT SENDING COUNTRY, AND 10.7% IN RELATION TO ITS TOTAL POPULATION Source: Comisión Económica para América Latina y El Caribe (CEPAL), sobre la base de las estadísticas provenientes de la División de Población de las Naciones Unidas. Dr. Juan Carlos Moreno-Brid Naples, 2017

13. MEXICAN MIGRATION TO THE UNITED STATES HAS NEARLY TRIPLED IN THE LAST 2 DECADES But in recentyears, theflow in net termsisnegative Source: M. Laura Vázquez Maggio (2017). Dr. Juan Carlos Moreno-Brid Naples, 2017

14. LABOUR MARKET (REAL OR IMAGINED?) OPPORTUNIES: KEY IMPULSE FOR MIGRATION • Labour migration reflects a complex system of corridors that is in constant flux in response to economic and labour-market fluctuations, migration mechanisms, demographics and environmental and other factors related to political and social instability, as well as changes in migration governance systems (ILO, 2016). Local reactions to immigrants depends on labour market and political conditions • Changes in these factors are expressed in the constant redesign of routes, intermediation and recruitment methods, transport systems and even people smuggling. • Several of these corridors pass through countries in transit to the final migration destination, with important implications for development in host and transit countries. • In addition to permanent labour migration, there is temporary migration (for a limited number of years, often involving individuals without family), seasonal migration (e.g. to harvest a crop) and return migration. Dr. Juan Carlos Moreno-Brid Naples, 2017

15. INTERNATIONAL LABOUR MARKETS AND SKILLED/UNSKILLED MIGRATION • Networks with family and friends become an explanatory factor that can not be underestimated when explaining current migration. • With rural migration and the insufficient creation of urban jobs, a large part of the population is forced to join the informal economy, a key factor in creating low productivity, low incomes and poverty. Another part, migrates. Factors to be considered on both sides of the flow are: labour markets, Informal economy, illicit activities, institutional framework. • Historically, the development process has been associated with rural-urban migration. This migration itself is not the current problem, but rather the speed and magnitude of flows. In LAC, the lack of dynamism of industrial activity and investment boost informality, low productivity and migration. The urban sector can not absorb labour quickly. Source: M. Laura Vázquez Maggio (2017). Dr. Juan Carlos Moreno-Brid Naples, 2017

16. GLOBAL TRENDS IN REMITTANCES • Between 2015 y 2030 an estimated 6.5 trillion USD will be sent to low-and middle-income countries. • Most of these resources will be used by remittance receiving families to reach their own goals: • Increased income • Better health, education and housing • Reduced inequality • Regular remittances help to lift households above the poverty line. But may have some negative impacts, social and economic. • Women now comprise about half of all remittance senders (100 million women). To a certain extent this can help to advance (or refects?) gender equality and economic empowerment for women through financial Independence and better employment opportunities. Dr. Juan Carlos Moreno-Brid Naples, 2017

17. GLOBAL TRENDS IN REMITTANCES • Potentialimpact of migrantremittancesonsavings and investments can only be fullyreached in partnershipwithcoherentpublicpolicies and priorities and linkedwithpublic/private-sector initiatives. • Thereis a need to leveragethelinkagesbetweenremittances and financialinclusion to promotedevelopment. GROWTH IN REMITTANCES BY REGION, 2007 -2016 Source: IFAD (2017) basedonWorld Bank data. Dr. Juan Carlos Moreno-Brid Naples, 2017

18. REMITTANCE FLOWS IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN Source: Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL), sobre la base de información proporcionada por el Banco Mundial. Dr. Juan Carlos Moreno-Brid Naples, 2017

19. THE DEVELOPMENT POTENTIAL OF REMITTANCES IN LAC Dr. Juan Carlos Moreno-Brid Naples, 2017

20. POTENTIAL ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL IMPACTS OF REMITTANCES • Remittances are exchange processes between the two sides of the border, which are not necessarily strictly monetary but also social and cultural, and help shape the conditions of the migrant and her families’ lives. (See, Rivas & Gonzálvez, 2011) • Social remittances are intangible benefits in the long term, being transfers of knowledge and skills whose results will be seen over time. • Exchanges of social remittances occur both from the experience of the migrant at destination, and from that of their families of origin. Source: M. Laura Vázquez Maggio (2017). Dr. Juan Carlos Moreno-Brid Naples, 2017

21. THE DEVELOPMENT TRIANGLE OF MIGRATION, REMITTANCES AND STRUCTURAL CHANGE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Source: Authors’ own elaboration. Dr. Juan Carlos Moreno-Brid Naples, 2017

22. PUBLIC POLICIES TO PROMOTE FULL AND PRODUCTIVE EMPLOYMENT AND DECENT WORK FOR MIGRANTS • Societies should tackle the complex issue of migration from various areas of public policy, involving and coordinating not only migration and labour policies but also social, education, health, security, social protection, development, trade and other policies geared towards social inclusion and protection of human rights. • Programmes may also be needed to support segments of the native population whose employment prospects or conditions are adversely affected by immigration. • Countries must agree on coordination mechanisms in order to successfully handle all key aspects related to the migration of people. • These policies are interrelated and have both direct and indirect effects on the labour market, and the social, economic and even political lives of all countries involved. Dr. Juan Carlos Moreno-Brid Naples, 2017

23. TO FULFILL THAT POTENTIAL A WHOLE GAMUT OF POLICIES IS NEEDED AND STRONG POLITICAL WILL Source: Economic Commission for Latin American (ECLAC) and the International Labour Organization (ILO) 2017. Dr. Juan Carlos Moreno-Brid Naples, 2017

24. PERSPECTIVES ON MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT Rolando Cordera Campos *, Juan Carlos Moreno-Brid* and Stefanie Garry** *ProgramaUniversitario de Estudios del Desarrollo (PUED) andFacultad de Economía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM). ** ComisiónEconómica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) Institute of Studies of Mediterranean Societies, Naples, Italy, June 2017 ) Dr. Juan Carlos Moreno-Brid Naples, June 2017

25. MIGRATION, DEVELOPMENT AND THE SDGS Dr. Juan Carlos Moreno-Brid Naples, 2017