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Independence and Development in the Global South, 1914-Present

Independence and Development in the Global South, 1914-Present. Chapter 23 Lecture AP World History Ways of the World. Decolonization. Newly independent countries around the world experimented politically, economically, and culturally

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Independence and Development in the Global South, 1914-Present

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  1. Independence and Development in the Global South, 1914-Present Chapter 23 Lecture AP World History Ways of the World

  2. Decolonization • Newly independent countries around the world experimented politically, economically, and culturally • These developing nations (aka “Third World Countries) represented the majority of the world’s population (ex: India) and had many struggles with their new independence. • Which governing style was right for them? • Who would now be in control if it was not the European Imperialist? • Old division reemerge

  3. Struggles for Independence • 1940s: • India , Pakistan , Burma , Indonesia , Syria , the Philippines , Iraq , Jordan , and Israel • Mid 1950s-1970s • African Nations

  4. India: History of the Movement • Indian National Congress party founded in 1885. (Elite group not mass movement) • Growth of Indian national identity- presented grievances to the British. • Congress party attracted mass following which opposed shift from the production of food to commercial crops. • Gandhi and Congress leadership tried to prevent mass peasant uprising (as was happening in China) by keeping power centered on middle class leaders.

  5. Militant Nationalists • B.G. Tilak urged a boycott of British manufactured goods and used threats of terrorism. • Attracted a violent conservative Hindu following. • Tilak was exiled and his movement was repressed by the British.

  6. Peaceful Protests • Mohandas Gandhi and other western educated lawyers led peaceful alternative. • Nation-wide protest against colonialism through boycotts and campaigns of civil resistance. • His efforts were not well received by the Muslims who formed a separate organization in 1906, The Muslim League. • Muhammad Ali Jinnah (Muslim League) insisted on partitioned state (Hindu and Muslim).

  7. Continued Indian Resistance • Salt March, 1931 • Government of India Act 1935

  8. Indian Independence • August 1947 Pakistan and India gained independence. • Mass killings of Muslims and Hindus (1 million) followed by mass migrations (12 million). (Gandhi fasted to prevent war then was assassinated) • Jawaharlal Nehru, first Prime Minister, began modernization campaign.

  9. Decolonization in the Middle East- Palestine and Israel • Zionism • 1917 Balfour Declaration • Immigration of Jews to Palestine • European Holocaust • Increase of migration • 1947- end of British mandate of Palestine and failed UN partition solution • 1948 establishment of Israel • Regional conflicts continue today

  10. Africa for Africans • Nationalists composed of ex-servicemen, urban unemployed & under-employed, and the educated. • Pan-Africanism and Negritude • Senghor (Senegal) and Dubois (African-American)

  11. De-colonization in Africa • 1957, Gold Coast (renamed Ghana) independence, led by western- educated, Kwame Nkrumah. • By 1963, all of British ruled Africa, except Southern Rhodesia, was independent.

  12. South Africa • 4 million white residents • Afrikaner-dominated (white) National Party won 1948 election • Apartheid • No protests tolerated (African National Congress, Mandela, Sharpeville massacre 1960) • 1990’s black government elected

  13. Turkey vs. Iran • Turkey and Iran approached the issue of how Islam and modernity should relate to each other very differently… • Turkey became more secular and embraced Western ways of life.

  14. Iranians Resistance to “Westernization” Opening clips to Argo

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