Cells to Body Systems

1. Cells to Body Systems

2. Cells • The basic unit of function in living things. • Most cells can only be seen under a microscope; they are microscopic. • All organisms (any living thing that maintain life) are made up of cells. • Some organisms have only one cell. Most plants and animals are made of many cells. • Different types of cells have different jobs. • Cells work together to carry out life processes.

3. Bacterial Cells • Single-celled. • They do not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles. • Their chromosomes and other materials are in the cytoplasm. • Some help enrich the soil by breaking down dead plants & animals. • Not all bacteria are harmful. • Some help us digest food. • Cheese & yogurt form when certain bacteria mix with milk.

4. Protist • Some are single-celled organism. • A simple organism with a nucleus and organelles. • Plant-like protists have cell walls and chloroplasts. • Animal-like protists have no cell walls or chloroplasts. • Diatoms, algae, and amoeba are protists.

5. Fungi • Most are multicellular (mold, mushroom, mildew AKA m-m-m-y) • Yeast is the only unicellular • Decomposers

6. Plant & Animal Cells • All cells have similar structures. • Every cell is surrounded by a cell membrane. • Most cells have a nucleus that directs all of the cell’s activities. • The cytoplasm is a jelly-like material that separates the cell membrane and the nucleus.

7. Comparing Plant & Animal Cells Nucleus Cell Wall No cell walls Chromosome Plant Cell Membrane Animal No Chloroplast Chloroplast Cytoplasm Vacuole Vesicles Mitochondria

8. Cell, Tissue, Organ • Cells that work together to carry out a function make up tissue. • Our bodies contain 4 kinds of tissue. • Tissues work together to form a organ (several kinds of tissue working together for the same function). • Our skin, heart, and lungs are organs. • An organ system are organs that work together to do a job for your body.

9. The Digestive System • The digestive system breaks down food into chemical nutrients that our body needs for food, energy, and repair. • Nutrients are absorbed into the blood once digestion is complete. • Begins in the mouth • Major organs: stomach, small /large intestines, esophagus (tube from mouth to stomach)

10. The Digestive System Chemicals break food down into nutrients. Nutrients are moved into the blood. Blood moves the nutrients into each of the body’s cells.

11. Body Organization • Our body is organized to keep us alive and healthy. Each cell works to keep itself healthy. Cells work with other cells to form tissue. Tissues work together in organs. Systems work together to keep our body functional. Organs work together in systems.

12. Circulatory System • Made up of the heart, the blood vessels, and the blood. • White blood cells – fight infection • Red blood cells – deliver oxygen • One of the most important systems in the body. • Transport oxygen, nutrients, and wastes through the body. • The heart is the pump in the circulatory system. • Blood travels from the heart through the arteries to the capillaries around the body.

13. Circulatory System: Blood Flow Blood flows from the lungs to the heart through veins. From the heart, blood flows through arteries. From capillaries, it flows back to the heart through veins. From the arteries, it flows through capillaries.

14. Respiratory System • A group of organs and tissues that exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs. • Oxygen rich blood is carried from the lungs to the heart through the pulmonary veins. • Oxygen poor blood is carried from the heart to the lungs through the pulmonary arteries. • The circulatory and respiratory systems work together to provide the body’s cells with oxygen. • Main organs: nose (moist), lungs, diaphragm and trachea (windpipe)

15. Respiratory System: Oxygen from the air to our blood Then, it is carried by red blood cells. Oxygen is inhaled when we breathe air. Next, it passes into the capillaries. Oxygen travels town the trachea to the bronchi and then to alveoli.

16. Skeletal System • Structures that support and protect your body. • Responsible for making new blood cells • Without your skeleton system you would not be able to stand or sit and your body would be at risk for injury. • The skeletal system works with the muscular system. • Major organs: bones (206), cartilage, and ligaments.

17. Muscular System • Includes muscles and tendons that move bones. • Skeletal muscles support and move your body. • Skeletal muscles often work in pairs.

18. Muscular Continued • There are three kinds of muscles: • Skeletal- are voluntary, you can control them. They help move the body. • Smooth- involuntary, you cannot control them, found in blood vessels, digestive system, bladder. • Cardiac- involuntary, found in heart, you cannot control.

19. Nervous System • Help you sense your environment and react to it. Communicates with the body. • Reflexes are automatic response to certain stimuli. • Major Organs: central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. • The central nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord. It receives and interprets signals from your body. It controls automatic functions. • The peripheral nervous system is made of sensory organs. Sensory receptors detect changes in our environment.

20. Excretory System • Removes wastes such as ammonia from your body. • The excretory system is responsible for regulating water balance in various body fluids. • Major Organs: kidneys (get rid of liquid waste), liver, lungs (get rid of carbon dioxide), and skin.

21. Integumentary - Skin • Functions of the skin: • Protects the body • Disease prevention • Removes Waste • Temperature control – sweating or goose bumps • Waterproofing Main organs: Blood vessels, nerve fibers, hair follicles

22. Immune System • Disease fighting that defends against pathogens (organism that causes a disease) in which cells react to each kind of pathogen with a defense. • Major cells: • Lymphocytes (AKA - White blood cells) – fight pathogen • Adenoids, appendix, bone marrow, lymph nodes,lymphatic vessels spleen, tonsils

23. Lymphatic System • Network of veinlike vessels that returns the fluid (known as lymph) that has leaked out of the capillaries to the bloodstream. • Lymph – fluid made of water and dissolved materials (glucose or white blood cells) • Major organs: lymph nodes lymph ducts

24. Endocrine System • Glands (group of cells that make special chemicals) and cells that secrete hormones that regulate growth, development and homeostasis • Major organs: • Pituitary gland – secretes hormones • Thyroid gland – increases the rate at which you use energy • Ovaries and Testes – female and male reproductive organs that produce hormones

25. Reproductive System • Process by which living things produce new individuals of the same type. • Enables life to exist. • Major organs: • Testes – make sperm and testosterone • Ovaries – make eggs