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System on a Chip ( SoC )

System on a Chip ( SoC ). Lin Zhong ELEC424, Fall 2010. Photolithography. 1969. Ivan Sutherland won Turing Award in 1988 for his Ph.D. work in 1963. http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/techreports/UCAM-CL-TR-574.pdf. “System on board”. “System on board” (Contd.). Multiple Chip Modules (MCM).

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System on a Chip ( SoC )

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  1. System on a Chip (SoC) Lin Zhong ELEC424, Fall 2010

  2. Photolithography

  3. 1969

  4. Ivan Sutherland won Turing Award in 1988 for his Ph.D. work in 1963 http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/techreports/UCAM-CL-TR-574.pdf

  5. “System on board”

  6. “System on board” (Contd.)

  7. Multiple Chip Modules (MCM) • Intel Pentium D, Core 2 Quad IBM POWER5 (2004) MCM, used in IBM system p servers, four dual core processors + four L3 caches Wikipedia.org

  8. System in Package (SiP) 400MHz 32MB Source: Intel.com Siemens SX66 PDA Phone Audiovox PPC6601KIT

  9. System-on-a-chip (SoC): TI OMAP

  10. System-on-a-chip (SoC): TI MSP430 Functional block diagram

  11. Inside a CPU (Micro-architecture) IBM POWER5 die photo (2004) • FXU: fixed-point execution unit • ISU: instruction sequencing unit • IDU: instruction decode unit • LSU: load/store unit • IFU: instruction fetch unit • FPU: floating-point unit • MC: memory controller Sinharoy et al 2005

  12. Components of SoC • Processors • Clock generator • Flash memory & controller • DMA & controller • Digital I/O modules • Programming interface • Interconnection

  13. Embedded processors • Microprocessor (32bit beyond) • ARM, MIPS, PowerPC, SuperH • Usually very modern architectures • ARM: Most popular 32bit embedded processor (75%) • Assignment: read “ARM architecture” from Wikipedia • Microcontroller (4-16bit) • Harvard architecture • 8051 (8bit), PIC (8bit), AVR from Atmel (8bit) • MSP430: 16-bit RISC, von Neumann architecture

  14. Clock generator • Resonant circuit + amplifier • Resonant circuit (Oscillator) • Crystal oscillator (>2x109/yr) • ~10KHz to ~10MHz • Quartz, ceramics (low cost, low accuracy), surface acoustic wave (SAW) quartz crystal (expensive, accurate) • Real-time clocks • 32.768KHz (215), 4.194304MHz (222) • Application-specific • 4.9152MHz (4 x 1.2288MHz, CDMA baseband frequency)…… A Res

  15. Oscillator (Contd.) • LC/RLC circuit • Ring oscillator • Application other than oscillator? • Voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) • Varicap: variable capacitance diode (tuning diode) • Phase-locked loop for high-speed clock (next slide) • Frequency scaling of IC for energy saving

  16. Phase-locked loop (PLL) • High-speed clock from a master oscillator • Digital PLL • Clock generation, recovery, synchronization • Digital computing, RF communication voltage Master oscillator Phase-frequency detector VCO Frequency divider (N)

  17. MSP430 clock modules • Clock sources • External oscillators • Low- oscillator (LFXT1CLK): usually 3.2768KHz (RTC) • Optional high-frequency oscillator (XT2CLK) • Internal digitally controlled oscillator (DCO) (DCOCLK) (power hungry) • Clock signals • Auxiliary clock: divided LFXT1CLK (1, 2, 4, 8) • For low-power standby • Master clock: any source, divided by 1, 2, 4, or 8 • Sub-system clock: XT2CLK or DCOCLCK, divided by 1, 2, 4, or 8

  18. DCO (Contd.) • Ring oscillator with RC-type characteristics • Software controllable • On/Off • Frequency • External resistor allows low temperature impact, higher frequency • Impacted by temperature , supply voltage, and process variations (inter-chip variations) 8 internal and 1 external resistors

  19. Flash Memory and Controller • Non-volatile, semiconductor memory • Limited # of erase cycles  wear leveling • NOR Flash: slow write/erase, random access • ROM replacement • NAND Flash: faster write/erase, block access, denser, more enduring • Harddisk replacement

  20. MSP430 Flash memory controller • NOR flash (for program) • No need for wear leveling (100K to 1M erase cycles) • In-system programmable (ISP) • Self programming, program via wireless • Programming through JTAG, UART (Bootstrap loader, BSL)

  21. Digital I/O Modules • USART • Universal synchronous/asynchronous receiver/transmitter • Asynchronous: UART • Synchronous: SPI, I2C • UART (2-4 wires) • Easily work with RS-232 (serial port), modem, Bluetooth (Serial Port Profile) • Baud rate, # of data bits, optional parity bit, flow control

  22. MSP430 UART • Two UART ports, each two pins • Support interrupt • No hardware flow control • <200Kbps

  23. Serial interfaces • Inter-Integrated Circuit (I2C) • Two wires • Standard mode: 100Kbps • Fast mode: 400Kbps • System management bus (SMBus): 100Kbps • Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) • 4 wires: Clock, Chip Select, In and Out • Low-megahertz data rate wikipedia.org

  24. Universal Serial Bus (USB) • Replacing all serial/parallel ports • All phones in China use USB for power • Host vs. device • USB 1.0: low-speed, 1.5Mbps • Human interface devices • 1.5A power supply • USB 1.1: full-speed, 12bBps • USB 2.0: high-speed, 480Mbps • Storage devices, Wi-Fi cards etc. • 900mA power supply • USB 3.0: super-speed, 4.8Gbps

  25. Analog I/O • Analog-digital conversion (ADC) • Voltage measurement • Sensing the world through voltage • XXX  voltage • Digital-analog conversion (DAC) • Actuator

  26. ADC • Resolution: how many bits for “D”? • 24bits max • MSP4301611: 12 bits • Sampling rate: how fast? • MSP430: up to 200Ksps • Accuracy • Quantization error etc.

  27. Interrupt • Polling vs. interrupt • Non-maskable vs. maskable • Nested interrupt Save context Interrupt handler Retrieve context

  28. Interrupt • Programmable interrupt controller (PIC) • Prioritizing multiple sources • Offloading the CPU Interrupt sources (external devices) CPU PIC Interrupt Interrupt vector

  29. Exceptions, signals, & interrupts • Exceptions • Any disruption of normal execution to execute special instructions • Signals • Inter-process communication • Interrupt • Asynchronous exception introduced by external hardware

  30. Timer • Count time • Keep time • How many cycles have elapsed • Measure time • Whether a given period of time elapsed • Generate interrupt Clock Capture register Interrupt Comparator Compare register

  31. Direct memory access (DMA) • Free CPU from data transfer • Multiple channels, master bus, interrupt CP when done

  32. DMA (Contd.) • Character mode • Block mode

  33. Power-saving mechanisms • Frequency scaling (slow down) • DCO • Power saving modes

  34. Miscellaneous • Pulse-width modulation (PWM) • Applications: power delivery (charging, light, motor), sound synthesis • Watchdog timer • Reset system under fault • Brownout reset • Reset system when supply voltage low

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