The Civil War (1861-1865)

1. The Civil War (1861-1865)

2. Battle of Ft. Sumter #1 Who: PGT. Beauregard (Confederacy) vs. Robert Anderson (Union) Where: Charleston Harbor, South Carolina When: April 12, 1861 What happened: Confederate opened fire on the fort, next day the Union troops surrendered and evacuated. Outcome: Started American Civil War

3. Northern/ Union Goals #6 • 1st: Reconcile the Union (1861-1865) • Believed that the South had no right to secede from the Union, secession was treasonous and an act of war against the Union.  • Saw themselves fighting a defensive after Fort Sumter. • 2nd: Crusade for Democracy Freeing the slaves (1862-1865) • Reunite the states under a union that no longer tolerated slavery!

4. Northern Strategy #6 1. Invade the Confederacy and destroy its will to fight. 2. Obtain the loyalty of the border states - 3. Construct and maintain a naval blockade of 3,500 miles of Confederate coastline. 4. Prevent European powers - especially Great Britain and France - from recognizing & giving help to the Confederacy. 

5. Evolving Northern Strategy:#6 Total Warfare

6. Southern/Confederate Goals #7 • Secure independence from the North • Establish an independent nation free from Northern political oppression. • A noble crusade for democracy for white people.  • Defend their right to own slaves and their belief in states' rights. 

7. Southern/ Confederate Strategies #7 • 1. The CSA did not need to invade the North they only needed to defend Confederate land.  • 2. Prevent the North from destroying the Confederate army.  • 3. Break the Union's will to fight.

8. Civil War Names The South often named battles after man-made objects ie. Towns, churches, railroads. The North often named battles after natural objects ie. Streams, mountains, rivers

9. #2 1st battle of bull run • Who: • Confederate: Brig. Gen. P.G.T Beauregard • Union: Brig Gen. Irvin McDowell • Where: Virginia near city of Manassas. • When: July 21, 1861 • What happened: • 1st major land battle of the American Civil War. • Union troops advanced against the Confederate Army in Virginia • Picnickers ran away • Outcome: Union troops were routed and forced to retreat back to Washington, D.C.

10. 2nd battle of bull run (2nd Manassas) #3 • Who: Stonewall Jackson, John Pope • Where: Prince William County Virginia • When: August 28–30, 1862

11. Start of the War (video clip)

12. 2nd battle of bull run (2nd Manassas) #3 • What happened: • The Union was “out fought” and lost. • Outcome: • Confederate victory. • Union loss and casualties: 10,000. Confederate loss and casualties: 1,300 killed, 7,000 wounded.

13. Battle of ShilohBattle of pittsburg landing Who: Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant (No) Generals Albert Sidney Johnston and P. G. T. Beauregard (So) What: Union strategy in the West focused on controlling the Mississippi Where: First major battle in the West/ Tennessee When: April 6–7, 1862 Impact: - Bloodiest Battle of the Civil War 23,700 deaths… Beginning of Total Warfare. #5

14. Battle of Antietam Who: McClellan vs. Lee What: 1st major battle in the American Civil War to take place on Northern soil. Where: Antietam, Maryland When: September 17, 1862 #4

15. Battle of Antietam Outcome: - It was the bloodiest single-day in American history, 23,000 casualties. Led to the Emancipation Proclamation (Slaves within the Confederacy free)

16. Reading Assignment • Read pages 478-491 • Write section reviews in journal. Complete all questions: • Section 1 Review • Page 482, Sections/Questions 1 & 2 • Section 2 Review • Page 487, Section/ Questions 1, 2 & 3 • Section 3 Review • Page 491, Section/Questions 1 & 2

17. Primary Document Response • Assignment: Analyze and Respond to numerous Primary Documents • Read a minimum of 10 letters • While reading list five events/ issues/ concerns impacting the soldiers writing the letter • Use the information you gathered to write a response letter.

18. Primary Document Response • Assignment: Write a return letter Due 4/30- 4/31. • Write the full name of the recipient. • Identify who you are • Respond to at least three of the comments/ points they made in the letter(s) • Encourage them in the cause (or if you choose try to dissuade them) • Letters should be a minimum of ¾ pg. long • Letters will be shared with a peer

19. Lincoln and the War for the Union • Trying to conciliate Border States, Southern Unionists • Small elite forcing the south to secede • Worried about Northern Home front • Riots broke out in July of 1863 after Emancipation Proclamation • Supposedly because of the draft, became race riots • 106 died • Committed to campaign platform • Honest Abe: stop slavery expansion

20. Conciliation of the Border States What states seceded? What states remained neutral?

21. Reasons for the Emancipation Proclamation • Military necessity as the war dragged on • Kept Great Britain from entering on the side of the Confederacy. • Broadened the base of the war – now a fight for freedom and unity (a moral crusade) • Encouraged recruitment of black soldiers to the Union side

22. The Emancipation Proclamation: Limits and Effects • Freed slaves only in Confederate States • On paper it freed no one • Only directed to areas not held by the Union • Made Union army an agent of liberation. Caused chaos in Confederate States • Make it to the Union lines and be free • Without slaves southern agriculture and food were ruined • Also caused chaos in places it was not meant to • Areas held by the Union, Slaves wanted to be freed but the proclamation excluded them • Black troops save the day! • Over 180,000 black troops joined. In terms of man power they saved the day. • Military Impact • Changed the meaning of the war • No longer over the legality of secession, but now slavery is included • Loses popularity for the war • Divides the north • Was Lincoln really the “Great Emancipator?”

23. Emancipation Proclamation This was an executive order in 1863 by U.S. President Abraham Lincoln during the Civil War, which declared the freedom of all slaves in those areas of the rebellious Confederate States of America that had not already returned to Union control.

24. Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States, by virtue of the power in me vested as Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, in time of actual armed rebellion against the authority and government of the United States, and as a fit and necessary war measure for suppressing said rebellion, do, on this first day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty three, and in accordance with my purpose so to do publicly proclaimed for the full period of one hundred days from the day of the first above mentioned order, and designate as the States and parts of States wherein the people thereof respectively are this day in rebellion against the United States, the following to wit: Arkansas,Texas, Louisiana - except the parishes of St. Bernard, Placquemines, Jefferson, St. John, St. Charles, St. James, Ascension, Assumption, Terre Bonne, Lafouvche, St. Mary, St. Martin, and Orleans, including the city of New Orleans – Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Virginia – except the forty eight counties designated as West Virginia, and also the counties of Berkeley, Accomac, Northhampton, Elizabeth City, York, Princess Ann, and Norfolk, including the cities of Norfolk and Portsmouth, and which excepted parts are, for the present, left precisely as if this proclamation were not issued. And by virtue of the power, and for the purpose aforesaid, I do order and declare that all persons held as slaves within said designated States and parts of States are and henceforward shall be free; and that the executive government of the United States, including the military and naval authorities thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of said persons. And I hereby enjoin upon the people so declared to be free to abstain from all violence; unless in necessary self defense; and I recommend to them that in all cases when allowed, they labor faithfully for reasonable wages. And I further declare and make known that such persons, of suitable condition, will be received into the armed service of the United States, to garrison foils, positions, stations, and other places, and to man vessels of all sorts in said service. And upon this, sincerely believed to be an act of justice, warranted by the Constitution, upon military necessity. I invoke the considerate judgment of mankind and the gracious favor of Almighty God. - Abraham Lincoln

25. Emancipation Proclamation • Read the Emancipation Proclamation. • Break down important sections in the Proclamation • Answer these questions: • Why did Lincoln come out with the Emancipation Proclamation? • Why after the Battle of Antietam? • Why does Lincoln only free the slaves living in the rebel states? • If the Proclamation did not free the slaves why is it so significant? • What effect did the Emancipation Proclamation have on: • Southern Plantation Owners (slave owners) • Southern Slaves • Northerners • Free Blacks, Abolitionists • European Countries

26. Fredericksburg Who: Ambrose E. Burnside-Union/ Robert E. Lee-Confederacy Where: Fredericksburg, VA When: December11-15, 1862 What Happened: The Union Army suffered terrible casualties in futile frontal assaults on December 13 against entrenched Confederate defenders on the heights behind the city Outcome: Brought an early end to the Union’s attempt to take the capital of the Confederacy in Richmond, VA.

27. Chancellorsville Who: Joseph Hooker-Union/ Robert E. Lee-Confederacy Where: Chancellorsville, VA When: April 30- May 6, 1863 What Happened: Known as Lee's "perfect battle" because of his risky but successful division of his army in the presence of a much larger enemy force. Lee's audacity and Hooker's timid performance in combat combined to result in a significant Union defeat. Outcome: The Union was shocked by the defeat. President Abraham Lincoln was quoted as saying, "My God! My God! What will the country say?" Many Union Generals lost their careers here and Stonewall Jackson of the Confederacy lost his life.

28. Battle of Gettysburg Who: Union Major Gen. George Meade vs. Confederate Gen. Robert E Lee Where: Gettysburg, Pennsylvania When: July 1 – July 3, 1863 Outcome: It was one of the bloodiest battles of the American Civil War and is frequently cited as the war's turning point.This battle ended Lee's invasion of the North. What happened:

29. Battle of GettysburgBackground • Lee wanted to invade the North for a few reasons: • Allow the South (Virginia) to recover • Gather supplies for his hungry army • A victory on northern soil would apply pressure to the Lincoln administration to end the war and sue for peace • Provide sufficient reason for official recognition of the Confederacy by European powers.

30. There were many intense assaults from the Confederacy but despite heavy losses, the Union defenders held their line. Battle of Gettysburg For example, in what is considered by many historians to be the key point in the Union Army's defensive line that day, Little Round Top was defended successfully by the Union. The 20th Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment, commanded by Col. Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain, fought the most famous engagement there, which ended in a dramatic downhill bayonet charge. They courageously prevented the Confederates from surrounding them from the flank.

31. “Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate -- we can not consecrate -- we can not hallow -- this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us -- that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion -- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain -- that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.” Battle of Gettysburg Gettysburg, PennsylvaniaNovember 19, 1863

32. Learning Activity:The Gettysburg Address As you listen and read the Gettysburg Address, what words or images stand out to you? Why?

33. Battle of Vicksburg Who:Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant and Lt. Gen. John C. Pemberton When: June and July of 1863 Where: Vicksburg, Mississippi What happened:Union Army of the Tennessee crossed the Mississippi River and drove the Confederate army of Lt. Gen. John C. Pemberton into defensive lines surrounding the fortress city in Mississippi. Grant besieged the city, which surrendered six weeks later. Outcome:Confederates yielded command of the Mississippi River to the Union. July 4, 1863 - Vicksburg, the last Confederate stronghold on the Mississippi River, surrenders to Gen. Grant and the Army of the West after a six week siege. With the Union now in control of the Mississippi, the Confederacy is effectively split in two, cut off from its western allies.

34. This battle (campaign):- Was fought in July of 1863.- Union General Ulysses S. Grant and his Army of the Tennessee crossed the Mississippi River and drove the Confederate army into defensive lines surrounding the fortress city in Mississippi. - Grant besieged the city.- The city surrendered six weeks later, yielding command of the Mississippi River to the Union. Battle of Vicksburg FYI: The city of Vicksburg would not celebrate Independence Day for about eighty years as a result of the siege and surrender as well.

35. Battle of the Wilderness • Who: Ulysses S. Grant, Robert E. Lee • When: May 5–7, 1864 • Where: Spotsylvania County and Orange County, Virginia • What Happened: Grant advanced on Lee pushing towards Richmond. The battle was tactically inconclusive. • Outcome: There was no clear winner. Union caualties and losses: 2,246 killed, 12,037 wounded, 3,383 captured or missing. Confederate casualties and losses: 1,495 killed, 7,928 wounded, 1,702 captured or missing.

36. Sherman’s March to the Sea Who: Gen. Sherman of the Union Where: Atlanta, Georgia to Savannah When: November 15, 1864-December 22 What happened: Campaign began with Union troops marching from Atlanta to Savannah, destroying everything in their path.

37. - IMPACT: Sherman’s March to the Sea • including burning Atlanta and most other prominent cities to the ground so that the South could never “rise again.”

38. Surrender of Robert E Lee Who: Robert E. Lee and Ulysses S. Grant When: April 9, 1865. What happened: Lee was trapped and the situation was hopeless. Impact: Lee signed the surrender documents ending the long bloody war.

39. Movie Clip Civil War Journal: Volume 3 Robert E. Lee: Lee versus Grant (7 min) Or Gods and Generals: Scene 2: An offer declined (4 min) Scene 28 Line of Battle Scene 29 Hello at the Front

40. Life during the War Read Pages 492-497 CTF 1&2: Reads Freeing the Slaves (pg492-493). 3&4: African Americans and the War (pg. 494-495). 5: Problems in the North (pg.495-496). 6: Southern Struggles (pg. 496). 7: Life on the Home Front (pg.497).

41. Pick Up a Blank Paper Using only pictures and a maximum of 10 words, Answer the reading check at the end of your assigned section

42. Works Cited http://www.nps.gov/archive/fosu/Images/G07-218firstshotsumter.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ConfederateBattieries2.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeport_Doctrine http://lincolnartbytolpo.com/main/img_1242326194_14894_1258861896_mod_644_464.jpg http://www.abrahamlincolnperformance.com/debate.html http://www.cprr.org/Museum/Ephemera/Republican_Platform_1860.html http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu/teachers/lesson1.html http://www.lib.unc.edu/coursepages/hist/images/DredScott.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_B._McClellan http://www.cs.cornell.edu/nystrom/images/Antietam/pages/page_17.html http://www.executedtoday.com/category/where/usa/virginia/ http://a4cgr.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/robert-e-lee.jpg http://img338.imageshack.us/i/ulyssesgrantsmallmw3.jpg/ http://www.harpers.org/archive/2009/09/hbc-90005700 http://history1800s.about.com/od/abolitionmovement/a/sumnerbeaten.htm http://niahd.wm.edu/attachments/30799.jpg http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/i?ammem/cwar:@field(NUMBER+@band(cwp+4a40149)):displayType=1:m856sd=cwp:m856sf=4a40149 http://www1.american.edu/heintze/nyrace.htm http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/maps/1800s/1851railroads.jpg http://www.tqnyc.org/2007/NYC074694//picture/robert%20e%20lee.jpg http://www.congressionalgoldmedal.com/images/UlyssesSGrantPosing.jpg http://www.blackpast.org/files/blackpast_images/The_Emancipation_Proclamation.jpg http://www.lessignets.com/signetsdiane/calendrier/images/janv/23/Elizabeth_Blackwell_gr.jpg http://home.att.net/~Rebmus/SCOTTSTACTICS_files/image003.jpg http://simongransermarshallsr.com/index_xed_flg_rifle.gif http://jmandrews.net/images/CivilWarFlags.gif http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USACWblackwell.htm http://www.gilderlehrman.org/historynow/12_2005/pdf/Emancipation_Proclamation_Worksheet.pdf