Chapter 22: The Cold War

1. Chapter 22: The Cold War • How did atomic weapons change the world’s geopolitical dynamic? • What were the two main options for socio-economic organization at the end of WWII? • What was the purpose of the United Nations? • What were the two most important bodies within the U.N.? • Why were the five “Great Powers” given permanent seats on the Security Council? • What was the purpose of these countries possessing veto power? • How many members did the U.N. have when it began? • How did decolonization and the growth of the “third world” affect the U.N.?

2. Why did the United States and the Soviet Union become enemies after WWII? • *What role did the division of Europe, and Germany in particular, play in deepening the divide between the two countries? • *How did the American refusal to provide loans and aid to a rebuilding USSR influence Stalin? • Why is this oppositional relationship known as the “Cold War”? • What did the United States fear with regard to Soviet intentions? • What was the strategy they devised to combat possible Soviet expansion? • How did developments in Eastern Europe support the American interpretation of Soviet intentions? • How did the Soviet handling of situations elsewhere in the world, such as Iran and Turkey, affect the American point of view?

3. What did Churchill mean when he said that an “iron curtain” had descended across eastern Europe? • *Why did the U.S. and the USSR disagree over plans for nuclear regulations? • * Who was George C. Marshall? • * Who were Dean Acheson and George Kennan? • What was the Truman Doctrine? Truman's speech • What was the role of the national security apparatus established within the United States in the late 1940s and early 50s? • What is the most well known example of the national security establishment? • Why did the Soviet Union feel threatened by the United States? • How did the U.S.S.R. respond to these perceived threats?

4. How did the policies of the western powers in Germany provoke a response from the Soviet Union? • What form did that response take (June 1948?) • *How did Truman respond to the blockade?CBC Radio Report • * What was the significance of the blockade for the U.S. domestically and internationally? • * What was the Marshall plan and why was it proposed? • What is NATO? • How did it come to exist?

5. * What was the significance of the stationing of American forces inside West Germany? • How did the Soviet Union interpret the “three prongs” of the Western response to the Soviet Union? • What was the geopolitical situation in Europe by 1950? • * What did the National Security Act of 1947 accomplish? • * Why was Dean Acheson, and others, insistent that the U.S. should develop the hydrogen bomb?

6. * What is the significance of NSC-68? • What changes to Japanese government and society did the American government bring about in occupied Japan? • What factors contributed to Japan’s economic revival? • What was the situation in Korea as of 1950? • How did it get this way? • What was the state of Sino-Soviet relations by February 1950? • How did the United States interpret the invasion of South Korea by the North in June 1950? • What were the most likely intentions of the North and the U.S.S.R. in mounting the invasion?

7. What role did the UN play in the Western response? • How did the initial fighting go for the UN forces? Map • What turned the tide and put the UN back on the offensive? • Why did China enter the war and what was the effect? • How did the war finally “end”? • What were the “costs” of fighting the war to the participant nations? • Did they view the costs as acceptable?

8. How did many of the nonaligned nations view the outcome of the war? • Section 112 • When did Stalin die? • What was his impact on the Soviet Union? • How did Stalin’s paranoia and totalitarian controls manifest themselves in Soviet policy? • What was meant by “Khruschev’s thaw”? • How deep did the thaw really go? • What was Sputnik? • Why was Khruschev ousted from power in 1964? Who succeeded him?

9. Which eastern European countries fell into the Soviet sphere of influence after the war? • How did Soviet supported policies in eastern Europe “make a mockery” of the idea of free elections? • How did Stalin’s paranoia fuelled purges manifest themselves in eastern Europe? • What economic reforms did the communist governments enact? • What was the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance? • What was the Warsaw Pact? • Who was Tito? • How and why did Poland revolt against the Soviet Union following Khrushchev's de-Stalinization speech in 1956?

10. How did the Polish success influence Hungary? • Why did the Soviet Union crush the Hungarian uprising of 1956? Video Summary • What happened to its leader, ImreNagy? • Section 113 • How did the Chinese Nationalists and Communists get along during the war with Japan? • What happened when WWII ended? • What happened to China’s seat in the UN in 1971?

11. What were Mao’s goals for China after he attained power? • How repressive was Mao’s regime during the 1950s? • Why did Mao encourage a “hundred schools of thought”? What happened to many of the thinkers? • What evidence was there of friendly Sino-Soviet relations early on? • What was the “Great Leap Forward”? Video • How successful was it? • What are some examples of positive economic, technological and social changes brought about by Mao?

12. What was the cultural revolution? Who were its main tools and who were its main victims? • What were the results of the Cultural Revolution? • When did Mao die? • What was Mao’s legacy? • What was his “little red book”? • Why did China invade Tibet? • Why did Sino-Soviet relations sour throughout the 1960s? • Whom did Mao welcome to China in 1972?

13. Readings for the next few weeks: • Main Text: • P. 947-950 French Algerian War • P.961-962 Belgian Congo • P.981-987 Iran-Iraq War, First Persian Gulf War • P.995-1010 Section 121: Confrontation and Détente • P. 1021-1027 Section 123: The Cold War Rekindled • P. 1027-1032 Section 124: China After Mao • P. 1033-1064 Ch. 26 End of the Cold War • Handouts • American Text: • P. 706 -720 Cold War at Home and Abroad • P. 728- 738 Sputnik, Beginning of Civil Rights • P. 739-772 the 60s • P. 793-94 Collapse of Détente • P. 799-804 Reagan and the World • P. 808-809 Ending the Cold War, The Gulf War

14. Section 116 • Describe Spain and Portugal’s system of control over Latin America during the colonial period. • What class (caste) distinctions were there in Latin American society? • How did these influence the push towards independence? • What role did the Napoleonic invasion of Spain and Portugal play in increasing Latin American autonomy? • Why did many Spanish American “colonies” create their own juntas?

15. Why did Brazil not need to create a junta? • Who were some of the leaders of the independence movements? • How did the United States view the newly independent nations of the south? • What was the Monroe Doctrine? • What was Kennedy’s Alliance for Progress? Did it work? • What impact did borrowing money have on the countries of Latin America? • What is the OAS? • How did the United States often “handle” governments that were deemed to be too far left?

16. Who was Salvador Allende of Chile? What happened to him? • How did Castro challenge America’s power in the Western Hemisphere? • Section 117/Handout on Algerian War of Independence • How did France’s treatment of Tunisia and Morocco differ from its treatment of Algeria? • Why do you think this was the case? • How many of Algeria’s 9 million people were French settlers, or “colons”?

17. What is a guerrilla war? Where does the term come from? • What are the common strategies and tactics used in most guerrilla campaigns? • What are some of the challenges in mounting a guerrilla campaign? • How did Mao’s victory in China influence other movements? • Describe the societal advantages French settlers enjoyed over Arab natives in Algeria. • What were the three sides involved in the war?

18. What were the UDMA and the Ulema? What were their respective beliefs regarding Algerian independence? • How were the two sides represented in the MTLD and its successor the Font de Liberation Nationale (FLN)? • Who was Ahmed Ben Bella? • How did events in Korea and French Indochina (Vietnam) influence the Algerian nationalists? • How similar were the Viet Minh with the FLN? • When and how did the Algerian War begin?

19. What tactics did the FLN use throughout 1954-55? How did the French respond? • What does the principle of “collective responsibility” mean? Is it just? • How did the use of helicopters affect the French army’s ability to conduct operations? • How many soldiers did France have “in- country” by 1957? How many guerrillas were they fighting? • Why did the French use torture? How did this knowledge affect public opinion of the war in France?

20. Did Morocco and Tunisia play a role in the war? • Why did the army and pied-noirs turn to Charles de Gaulle? • How did things go for the FLN in Algeria during 1959? • How did they bring the war “home” to the people of France? • Why did de Gaulle put the issue of Algerian independence to a referendum? How did it turn out?

21. Do you agree with Kissinger’s quote, “A conventional army loses if it does not win. A guerrilla army wins if it does not lose.”? • How did the colons/pied-noirs/French settlers in Algeria, along with portions of the army, react to the move toward Algerian independence? • Approximately how many people were killed during, and as a result of, the war? • What were the Evian Accords? • How did Islamic extremism affect Algeria in the 1990s?

22. The Belgian Congo: • What did the Belgian government decide to do in 1960? • Who was Patrice Lumumba? • What happened that undermined the power and authority of Lumumba’s government? • Why did MoiseTshombe have the European financial support for his attempted secession of the Katanga region of the Congo? • Why did Lumumba appeal to the UN for help? • How did the UN respond? • To whom did Lumumba turn after the UN?

23. Why was Lumumba removed as Prime Minister? • How was he able to establish his own government in Stanleyville? • What happened on January 17, 1961? • How did the UN end up conducting offensive military operations against the Katanga government? • How did it turn out? • Why is this an important event in the history of the UN? • In what ways did the larger struggle of the Cold War manifest itself in the Congo Crisis?

24. How did the internal strife in the Congo finally resolve itself? • Why did the United States support Mobutu? • How did Mobutu remake the Congo? • Iran-Iraq War • How is Iran different than most of the Arab Gulf states? • What had been Iran’s history through the 20th century up to the revolution of 1978-79? • What was the nature of the Iranian Revolution? • Who took ultimate control of Iran as result of the revolution?

25. How did the Ayatollah Khomeini and his Supreme Council change the country? • How did they view the west? How did they express their view in the autumn of 1979? • Why were Iraq and Iran natural enemies as of 1980? • What did Iraq use as an excuse to attack Iran? • How did the war progress for each side? • What was the extent of western involvement in the Persian Gulf? • Why did Iran and Iraq bring the war to an end in 1988?

26. What were the effects of the war on each country and the region? • The Persian Gulf War, 1990-1991 • What were the long-term causes of the war? • Why had the United States and other western powers support Hussein’s Iraq? • What was the impact of the decline of Soviet influence in the region? • What were the issues Iraq had with Kuwait? • What were the larger regional issues that caused concern? • Why did Hussein appear to believe that the U.S. would not take action to prevent an Iraqi invasion of Kuwait? Invasion of Kuwait • Why did Saddam Hussein’s Iraq invade Kuwait in August of 1990? • How did other countries in the region, and around the world, interpret Iraq’s aggression?

27. What was Operation Desert Shield? • What was the purpose of economic sanctions against Iraq? • Were they successful? • Why could the U.S. and the UN coalition not wait too long before engaging a military solution to the crisis? • *Why did the Soviet Union not block the United States’ push for UN support of military action against Iraq? • *How did the attack on Iraq begin? How was this an example of the increased importance of air power in modern warfare? • What role did technology play in the air campaign? • How successful was the ground assault launched five weeks later? • Why did President Bush not push American forces all the way to Baghdad and remove Hussein from power? • What were the immediate and long-term effects of the war?

28. The Cold War: The 50s • How did the Berlin crisis of 1948 help Truman retain the presidency? • * How did the Cold War impact America’s “home front”? • * What was the purpose of Truman’s loyalty program? • * What was the House Un-American Activities Committee? • What was the impact of the “loss of China”, the detonation of Soviet nuclear bomb, and the trial of the Rosenbergs on the Truman administration and American society? • * What did Senator Joseph McCarthy say on February 12, 1950 that grabbed national attention? • * How did this lead to “McCarthyism” and what does the term mean?

29. * What were McCarthy’s usual tactics? • * How did he use his Senate subcommittee to promote his agenda? • * To whom did McCarthy appeal? • * What was Eisenhower’s approach to dealing with McCarthy? • * What were the Army-McCarthy hearings?"Have you no decency?" • * How did it bring about McCarthy’s political downfall? • *In the 1952 presidential campaign what did thee Republicans refer to as K1C2?

30. *How did Dwight D. Eisenhower win the 1952 election? • *Why was Eisenhower well prepared to lead the United States during the Cold War? • *Who was Eisenhower’s Secretary of State? • *What was Eisenhower’s approach to military spending while in office? • *What was “massive retaliation”? • *Who was Ho Chi Minh? • *What happened at Dien Bien Phu? • *How did events in Indochina present a crisis for President Eisenhower and how did he handle it?

31. *How did this contribute to the creation of North and South Vietnam? • *What was America’s role in South Vietnam by the end of the 1950s? • *How did Eisenhower handle communist China’s claims to Formosa? • *What was the Suez crisis and how did it increase tensions between the Soviet Union and the U.S.? Suez Crisis • *How does the text assess Eisenhower’s record as a “cold warrior”?

32. What implications did the development of ICBMs and the hydrogen bomb create for the superpowers and the world in general? • *How did Eisenhower react to the claims that a missile gap was developing between the USSR and USA? • *What effect did the shooting down of Gary Powers’ U-2 spy plane have on Soviet-American relations? • What did Eisenhower mean when he warned of the “acquisition of unwarranted influence….by the military-industrial complex”? Video

33. Section 121 Main Text: Confrontation and Détente 1955-1975 • What pressures brought and end to the thaw in American-Soviet relations in 1960? • What was the “Eisenhower Doctrine”? • Why was the Soviet launch of Sputnik in 1957 a game changing event? • Why did it make the idea of “massive retaliation” less practical? • How did it contribute to the growth of “mutual deterrence”? • *What was Eisenhower’s response to Sputnik? (p.728)

34. What did President Kennedy mean when he said in his inaugural address that, “…we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe, to assure the survival and success of liberty.”? (p.741) Video • *Who were the “best and the brightest” and what did they all believe? • What steps did Kennedy take to make the United States more appealing to developing countries? • What pledge did he make with regards to space exploration?

35. *Was there actually a missile gap by the time Kennedy took office in 1961? • What did Kennedy do to ensure the US increased its lead in the nuclear arms race? • What were the “Green Berets” and what was their role? • What was the name for the new strategy, of which the Green Berets were now a part, as made clear by Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara? • Why was the Soviet Union interested in curbing the exodus of East Germans fleeing to the west through Berlin?

36. How did Khrushchev finally decide to settle the problem in August of 1961? • What was the impact of the wall? • Why did Castro and the US not get along? • What had Eisenhower been planning with regards to Cuba in the months before he left office? • *Why did Kennedy feel compelled to go along with the invasion plans? • How did the Bay of Pigs invasion turn out? Why? • How did the Bay of Pigs play a causal role in the Cuban Missile Crisis?

37. Why did the Soviet Union begin an arms build-up in Cuba? • *What types of weapons were being installed when Kennedy warned the Soviets not to introduce offensive systems? Crisis Video Clip • *On October 14, 1962 how did the United States become aware of the Soviet missiles installed in Cuba? • *Why had the U.S. halted U2 surveillance flights over Cuba? • What did Kennedy and his EXCOMM advisers decide to do about the missiles? • What did the “quarantine” of Cuba actually mean?

38. What was the Soviet response to the blockade of Cuba? • *What was the tone and content of the first Khrushchev letter? • *What was the tone and content of the second, received on October 27? • How did Kennedy handle the two letters and what was his response? • What did he tell his brother Robert to do with regards to contacting the Soviets? • What was the publicly acknowledged settlement to the crisis and what was the actual arrangement?

39. *What were the larger consequences of the crisis? • Vietnam War • *Who was the Soviet Union really competing with when Khrushchev declared Soviet support for “wars of national liberation”? • *How did many in the Kennedy administration interpret that statement? • What had the Geneva Conference decided to do with Vietnam in 1954? • *Why did Ngo Dinh Diem’s South Vietnam need American support? • *What were the Viet Cong? • *How many American military “advisers” were in South Vietnam by late 1963?

40. Could it be said that Ngo Dinh Diem had the popular support of his people? • From where did Ho Chi Minh and his North Vietnamese Army receive much military support? • Explain the “Domino Theory”. • What happened to Diem? What was the US’s involvement? • Who became president after JFK’s assassination? • How did the loss of China to communism haunt LBJ and the Democratic party?

41. What was SEATO? What was its purpose? • What was the National Liberation Front? • What happened to the USS Maddox on August 2, 1964? • How did this eventually lead to the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution and the issuance of a Congressional “blank cheque” for escalating the war in Vietnam? • How honest was LBJ about the events in the Gulf of Tonkin? • Why did Johnson allow for the bombing of selected targets in North Vietnam in 1965?

42. What did Johnson initially say was the role for the increased number of American combat troops in South Vietnam? • What did Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara recommend in the summer of 1965? • Did LBJ approve of McNamara’s plan? • What were the troops used for? • What was the highest number of American military personnel serving in Vietnam at any one time? • How intense was the American bombing campaign?

43. What was the Tet Offensive? • How was it both a victory and a defeat for the United States? • Why did General Westmoreland’s strategy of using “search and destroy” missions to reach a “crossover point” fail? • What did the Americans mean when they used the term “pacification”? • What was the situation in Vietnam by the end of LBJ’s first full term in office? • Why did much of world and domestic public opinion begin to change with regards to the war?

44. Who became president after LBJ decided not to run in the 1968 election? • What was Nixon’s policy of “Vietnamization”? • How did Nixon try to increase the communist’s willingness to continue the peace talks in Paris? • What did Nixon’s National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger achieve through secret negotiations with North Vietnam? • When did the United States officially end its military involvement in Vietnam? • How long was it before the North overran and took over the South?

45. What were the costs of the war to both the people of Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia as well as the United States? • Why did the United States lose the war in Vietnam? • Brezhnev and Prague Spring • Why did Brezhnev commit to building the Soviet Union’s military power while at the same time avoiding direct confrontation with the US? • What happened in 1968 in Czechoslovakia? • How did the intervention lead to the “Brezhnev Doctrine”?

46. How did the Soviet commitment to maintaining communist governments mirror the Truman Doctrine? • How did Nixon and Kissinger’s view of the Cold War differ from previous administrations? • What was Nixon and Kissinger’s strategy for achieving détente? • Why did Nixon visit China? • How did this change China’s relationship with the west? • What was the “One China Policy” that the United States made official after Nixon’s visit with Mao?

47. How did this warming of relations between China and the US affect relations between the US and the USSR? • What were the SALT I agreements? • Why was it important that SALT I agreements did not target the number of warheads? • How had the development of MIRVS made the number of missiles available to each country less relevant? • How did Nixon and Kissinger use America’s economic power to ease tensions with the USSR? • How had Brezhnev's obsession with military spending contributed to the USSR’s economic woes?

48. Who became president after Nixon resigned the presidency in 1974? • Did Ford continue Nixon’s policies of détente? • What were the Helsinki accords? • Who became President after Gerald Ford? • What did Carter place at the center of American foreign policy? • What conditions did Carter attach to American aid for communist regimes? • What happened in Nicaragua in 1979? • What happened in El Salvador in 1981? • How did Carter handle the situation?

49. How did the American-Chinese relationship improve on January 1, 1979? • What was this a continuation of? • How did the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan lead to the collapse of détente? • Provide evidence of the collapse. • What was the “Carter Doctrine”? • Why didn’t many of the United States’ European allies not take the invasion of Afghanistan as seriously as the US? • How did the Afghan invasion turn out for the USSR?

50. Who won the 1980 presidential election? • What was Ronald Reagan’s background? • What was Reagan’s policy on defense spending? • How did this increase reflect his overall attitude toward the Cold War? • How did Reagan increase Soviet, and European unease in November of 1983? • List ways in which Reagan fought the Cold War in places such as Afghanistan, Nicaragua and Grenada. • Why was the United States willing to support authoritarian regimes that weren’t communist?