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INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY

INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY. Definition. Anatomy is the study of the structure of the human body. The Anatomical Position.

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INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY

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  1. INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY

  2. Definition • Anatomy is the study of the structure of the human body.

  3. The Anatomical Position • The body is standing upright ,with the eyes looking forward in a horizontal plane (Frankfurt plane) , the two upper limbs hanging beside with the palms looking forwards and the two lower limbs beside each other.

  4. ANATOMICAL PLANES • Sagittal plane is vertical plane that passes through the body from front to back. • The median or midsagittal plane is the vertical plane that divides the body into right and left halves. • Coronal plane is vertical plane which pass through the body from side to side. • Horizontal (transverse) plane is parallel to the floor.

  5. Superior view of the skull

  6. METHODS OF STUDYING ANATOMY (1) Systematic anatomy: is studying the different body systems. (2) Topographical or regional anatomy: is studying anatomy of the body region by region.

  7. Regions of the human body • I- Head and neck • II-Trunkis divided into: • Thorax • Abdomen • Pelvis • Perineum • III- limbs: • upper limb • lower limb

  8. TERMS OF POSITION

  9. TERMS OF POSITION • Superior: means nearer to the head. • Inferior: means farer from the head or nearer to the feet. • Anterior: means nearer to the front of the body. • Posterior: means nearer to the back of the body. • Medial: means toward or nearer the midline of the body. • Lateral: means away from the midline or toward the side of the body.

  10. Superior Median sagittal plane Paramedian plane Lateral Medial Posterior Anterior Inferior

  11. 7- Proximal (A) means nearer to the root of the limb. 8- Distal (B) means further away from the root of the limb. . A B

  12. A B 9- Superficial (A):means closer to the surface of the body(nearer to the skin). 10- Deep (B): farther away from the skin.

  13. TERMS OF MOVEMENT Flexion: bending anteriorly (approximation of the two anterior surfaces of the bone forming the joint). Extension: straightening or bending posteriorly (approximation of the two posterior surfaces of the bone forming the joint).

  14. extension flexion flexion flexion extension extension flexion extension flexion extension Flexion and extension of vertebral column at intervertebral joints Flexion and extension of the upper limb at shoulder joint and lower limb at hip joint Flexion and extension of the forearm at elbow joint and of leg at knee joint

  15. extension flexion extension flexion flexion extension Flexion and extension of hand at the wrist joint Flexion and extension of the fingers at the metacarpophalangeal and the interphalangeal joint Flexion and extension of the thumb

  16. abduction: movement away from the median plane • Adduction: movement toward the median plane Lateral abduction Medial abduction abduction Abduction and adduction of the fingers Abduction of the middle finger adduction abduction abduction adduction Adduction and abduction of the thumb adduction

  17. Circumduction: is a circular movement

  18. STRUCTURES MET IN DISSECTION • Skin. • Superficial fascia • Deep fascia • Muscles. • Blood vessels. • Lymph vessels and lymph glands. • Nerves. • Bones

  19. STRUCTURES MET IN DISSECTION skin Superficial fascia Deep fascia Blood vessels nerves Muscles Bones

  20. SKIN

  21. SKIN • Skin is the outer covering layer of the body. • The skin consists of two layers: • (a) Superficial or outer layer called the epidermis. • (b) Deeper or inner layer called the dermis.

  22. Skin appendages

  23. 1. Hair.2. Nails3. Sebaceous glands4. Sweat glands Skin appendages

  24. Skin and skin appendages

  25. Functions of skin • Covers and protect the underlying structure. • Regulation of body temperature. • Excretion of waste products.

  26. SUPERFICIAL FASCIA • Definition: • It’s a fibro fatty layer that lies directly under the skin. Contents: • cutaneous nerves • Superficial blood vessels • Lymphatics • Parts of sweat glands and hair follicles. • In some regions the superficial fascia may contain superficial muscles and mammary gland(pectoral region)

  27. Functions of deep fascia: Deep fascia Definition :It’s a membranous layer that lies underneath the superficial fascia 1-the investing deep fascia: it’s the third envelope of the body. 2-Capsule: it envelopes some organs forming their capsules.

  28. 3-Muscle sheath: it envelopes muscles forming their sheath and sends septa between muscles forming Intermuscular septa or septa between the muscles. 4-It envelopes blood vessels and nerves forming their sheathes. 5-It envelopes bones forming the periosteum. 6-In some regions of the body, the deep fascia forms thick bands called retinacula as flexor and extensor retinacula of the wrist.

  29. DEEP FASCIA

  30. MUSCLES TYPES Definition: Muscles are the red flesh of the body and forms nearly half of the body weight a. Smooth muscle tissue makes up the muscular portion of the various visceral organs (stomach, blood vessels, etc.). b. Cardiac muscle tissue makes up the muscular wall of the heart- the myocardium. c. Skeletal muscles: attached to and moves bones

  31. Functions of the muscles • They produce movements Parts of skeletal muscles • The larger contractile part is called the belly • The fibrous part in the form of cord like structure in fusiform muscles called a tendon or flattened part called aponurosis in flat muscles

  32. Skeletal muscle forms

  33. Forms of skeletal muscles • parallel: includes the following forms: (a) Quadrilateral muscles: as the Thyrohyoid (b) Fusiform muscles as biceps. (c) Strap-like as Sartorius

  34. Strap with tendinous intersections strap Quadrilateral fusiform

  35. (2)Triangular The fibers are convergent e. g., the Temporalis. Triangular

  36. (3) Pennate The fibers are oblique and converge: (a) unipennate :as palmar interossi (b) bipennate : as the Rectus femoris. (c) multipennate as deltoid muscle. (d) circumpennate as flexor policis longus muscle.

  37. unipennate Radial Multi-pennate Bipennate

  38. The human skeleton: • The human skeleton consists of a series of bones articulated together to form joints. • The human skeleton is divided into: 1. Axial skeleton 2. Appendicular skeleton

  39. THE AXIAL SKELETON: It includes: skull, vertebral column (spine), Ribs and sternum. NB: The thoracic cage includes ribs, sternum and thoracic vertebrae.

  40. The Skull

  41. Vertebral Column

  42. THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON

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