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The Industrial Revolution 1800-1914. Chapter 19.1 What were some of the effects of the Industrial Revolution?. http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=WPvgXSur2bM (5min). Why Did Industrialization Begin in England First?. The industrial revolution in Great Britain.
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The Industrial Revolution 1800-1914 Chapter 19.1 What were some of the effects of the Industrial Revolution?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=WPvgXSur2bM(5min)http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=WPvgXSur2bM(5min)
Why Did Industrialization Begin in England First?
The industrial revolution in Great Britain • Started in Britain and took several decades to spread to other countries. Why Britain? • - an agrarian revolution changed agricultural practices. Increased food supply. • - population grew. Parliament passed enclosure movement laws and landowners fenced off common lands. • - had a ready supply of money to invest into new machines and factories. Entrepreneurs found new ways to make profits. • - had plentiful natural resources, like iron ore and coal. • - a supply of markets gave British manufacturers a ready outlet for their goods.
1. Changes in Cotton Production • Britain way ahead in production of inexpensive cotton goods. Was a two step process – spinners make cotton thread from raw cotton and then weavers wove the cotton into cloth on looms. Used the cottage industry for many years. 18th century new advances made cottage industry inefficient. Invention of the “flying shuffle” made weaving faster. James Hargreaves invented a spinning jenny that produced thread much quicker. Edmund Cartwright invented a water powered loom that allowed the weaving of cloth to catch up with the spinning of the thread. Led to a factory system. James Watts invented steam engine to drive the machine.
Richard Arkwright:“Pioneer of the Factory System” The “Water Frame”
Eli Whitney 1765-1825 invented the cotton gin, which reduced the amount of time needed to clean seeds from cotton fiber by tenfold in 1793; he also pioneered the use of interchangeable parts
Factory Production • Concentrates production in oneplace [materials, labor]. • Located near sources of power [rather than labor or markets]. • Requires a lot of capital investment[factory, machines, etc.] morethan skilled labor. • Only 10% of English industry in 1850.
The Factory System • Rigid schedule. • 12-14 hour day. • Dangerous conditions. • Mind-numbing monotony.
Work day begins at 6am Half hour break for breakfast Hour break for dinner Half hour for tea Ends at 7pm 2 minutes late loose half days wage More than two minutes late- will not start work till after first break, or loose wage till then No worker can leave his place of work All conversations prohibited Work Rules Berlin 1844
2. The Coal and Iron Industries • Steam engine was crucial to Britain’s Industrial Revolution. Used coal. Also had iron ore and came up with new methods to use it as well.
Mine & Forge [1840-1880] • More powerful than water is coal. • More powerful than wood is iron. • Innovations make steel feasible. • “Puddling” [1820] – “pig iron.” • “Hot blast” [1829] – cheaper, purer steel. • Bessemer process [1856] – strong, flexible steel.
Industrial England: "Workshop of the World" That Nation of Shopkeepers! -- Napoleon Bonaparte
3. The New Factories • Factory was another important element. Workers were put in shifts to keep the machines producing. Workers came from the rural areas where long days were normal. Workers disciplined to a system of regular hours and repetitive tasks, was harsh if late or drunk, (fired) so workers tried to work hard.
Early Canals Britain’s Earliest Transportation Infrastructure
Child Labor in the Mines Child “hurriers”
4. Railroads • Locomotives invented and then improved. Cars now ran on top of rails. Linked manufacturing towns with ports, like Manchester with Liverpool. Railroad expansion caused a ripple effect in the economy. Building railroads created new jobs for farm laborers and peasants. Less expensive transportation led to lower priced goods thus creating larger markets. More sales meant more factories and more machinery.
George Stephenson 1781-1848, • developed the first steam-powered locomotive, The Rocket, which could move people and products between Liverpool and London regardless of the weather in 1814
B. The Spread of Industrialization • Great Britain was also the richest nation. 1. Europe • Other countries industrialized at varied speeds. Those that did usually had a government that was actively encouraging industrialization. 2. North America • The U.S.A. needed a good transportation system to move goods across the large nation. Robert Fulton built the first paddle wheel steamboat, the Clermont. Railroad was most important. The county became a single massive market for the manufactured goods of the northeast. Factory owners sought entire families to work in their factories.
Child labor • Employing children as young as 8 years of age to do factory work; • Due to detrimental effects, this practice was eventually banned in most industrialized nations
C. Social Impact in Europe • 1. Population and Urban Growth Population grew tremendously…. WHY? • a. a decline in the death rate because people more resistant to disease. • b. Famine seemed to have disappeared. Many thought population growth led to economic growth. Thomas Malthus wrote about poverty and population growth. He said when there is an increase in the food supply, the population tends to increase too fast for the food supply to keep up leading to famine, disease, and war. Famine and poverty were two factors in global migration and urbanization. The rapid growth of cities led to pitiful living conditions for many.
Thomas Malthus • Population growth willoutpace the food supply. • War, disease, or faminecould control population. • The poor should have less children. • Food supply will then keep up with population.
Problems of Polution The Silent Highwayman - 1858
2. The Industrial Working Class • Middle ages saw the rise of commercial capitalism, which is based on trade. Industrial capitalism is based on industrial production and it created a new class of people – industrial middle class. It was the bourgeoisie which now included bankers, factory owners and developers, lawyers, teachers, and doctors. New industrial middle class was made up of the people who built the factories, brought the machines and developed the markets.
3. The Industrial Working Class • Created a working class that faced wretched working conditions. Conditions in coal mines were harsh. The worst were cotton mills. In some factories children were a main employed person. Laws would soon be made to limit this.
“Iron Law of Wages.” • When wages are high,workers have morechildren. • More children create alarge labor surplus thatdepresses wages.
Factory and Mine Life • 12-16 hours a day • No minimum wage • Horrible conditions • Britain women made two thirds work force • Factory Act 1833 • 9 as minimum wage • Ages 9-13 worked 9 hours a day • Ages 13-18 worked 12 hours a day • Excessive working hours for women outlawed 1844 • Changed the “bread winner ideals”
4. Early socialism • Some reformers wanted to bring in socialism to help the workers. In socialism society, government owns and controls some means of production such as factories and utilities. Early socialists wrote books about the ideal society that might be created. In this society, workers could use their abilities and everyone’s needs would be met. Called Utopian society as Robert Owen used it. He created New Lanark, Scotland, (successful) and New Harmony, Indiana, (failed), to prove his ideas.
