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Cardiovascular disease (CVD): the most common cause of death in the western world

Cardiovascular disease (CVD): the most common cause of death in the western world. Disorders of the blood vessels: Hypertension, high blood pressure Atherosclerosis, plaque Stroke, blocked vessel Aneurysm, ballooning vessel Disorders of the heart: Heart attack, tissue death.

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Cardiovascular disease (CVD): the most common cause of death in the western world

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  1. Cardiovascular disease (CVD): the most common cause of death in the western world Disorders of the blood vessels: Hypertension, high blood pressure Atherosclerosis, plaque Stroke, blocked vessel Aneurysm, ballooning vessel Disorders of the heart:Heart attack, tissue death

  2. Atherosclerosis A build up of plaque in blood vessels Plaque that is stationary is called a thrombus and an embolus when it detaches and can move to distant sites Associated with a stroke, heart attack and aneurysm Plaque is a deposit of fat and cholesterol beneath the inner (epithelium) tissue of an artery

  3. Hypertension High blood pressure results when blood moves through vessels at a rate higher than normal often due to arterial plaque 140/90 mmHg is considered hypertension A silent killer because there are few symptoms Can lead to a heart attack, stroke or kidney failure

  4. Atherosclerosis and Hypertension Stroke Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) Usually a cranial artery is blocked or bursts Part of the brain dies dues to lack of oxygen Symptoms may occur including numbness of hands or face, difficulty speaking and inability to see in one eye Atherosclerosis and Hypertension  Heart attack • Myocardial infarction (MI) • Part of the heart tissue (muscle) dies due to lack of oxygen • Can begin with angina pectoris, a pain that radiates down the left arm due to a blockage of a coronary artery Atherosclerosis and Hypertension  Aneurysm • A ballooning of a blood vessel • Atherosclerosis and hypertension can weaken a vessel and cause ballooning • The most commonly affected is the abdominal artery or the arteries leading to the brain • What is the most likely outcome of an aortic aneurysm?

  5. Blockage of vessels: Blood clot Similar to plaques, blood clots can block vessels and cause CVD

  6. How are disorders of the blood vessels treated? Dissolving blood clots: Drug treatment; t-PA (tissue plasminogen activator) is a drug that dissolves clots Treating clogged arteries (surgery): Bypass surgery: usually a vein from the leg is taken and used to bypass a clogged artery Stents: wire mesh cylinder inserted into a clogged artery to hold it open Angioplasty: a tube with a balloon is inserted into the clogged area and the balloon is then inflated to open the vessel A stent and angioplasty may be used in combination

  7. Source: The Neurotoxicity of Tissue Plasminogen Activator? J Kaur, Z Zhao, GM Klein, EH Lo and AM Buchan http://www.nature.com/jcbfm/journal/v24/n9/fig_tab/9591600f3.html Action of t-PA t-PA  plasmin  fibrin degradation

  8. Disorders of the heart and its treatment Disorders: Heart failure is when the heart no longer pumps properly Treatments: Left ventricular assist device(LVAD) Heart transplant either natural or artificial

  9. Points to Understand What are common cardiovascular diseases and how are they treated? Terms Cardiovascular disease Hypertension Atherosclerosis Plaque Thrombus Embolus Stroke Myocardial infarction Angina pectoris Aneurysm Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) Bypass surgery Stent Angioplasty LVAD Transplant

  10. What is an electrocardiogram (ECG)? A record of the electrical changes in the heart muscle during a cardiac cycle (heartbeat) P wave, atria QRS complex, ventricles T wave, recovery Diastole pressure (PQR) Systole pressure (RST) Looking at these electrical changes allows doctors to detect abnormalities http://anatimation.com/cardiac-cycle/cardiac-cycle-animation-and-diagram.html

  11. What is pulse and blood pressure? Pulse is the heart rate, # heartbeats/minute. Measured by any artery at the body surface. Blood pressure is the pressure against a blood vessel wall, usually measured in an artery in the arm systolic pressure, highest, contract diastolic pressure lowest, relax Average blood pressure is recorded at about 120/80 mmHg (systolic/diastolic) range: 95-135/ 50-90 What vessels control the blood pressure? Hypertension, hypotension? Lub/Dub?

  12. What is important about blood flow? Blood flow is under the highest pressure in the arteries but remember the thick, muscular walls Blood flow is slower in the capillaries which is important to allow time for exchange between cells Blood pressure is minimal in the veins and venules but blood flow increases 1. Skeletal muscle pump 2. Respiratory pump 3. Valves

  13. Points to Understand What is the cardiac cycle and how is it measured? What is fibrillation and how is it treated? What is blood pressure and how is it measured? What is a normal reading for blood pressure? What is a reading for someone with hypertension? Hypotension? What is a pulse and where is it measured? How does blood flow differ in different vessels (arteries, capillaries, veins)?

  14. Terms Electrocardiogram Blood pressure Pulse Cardiac cycle Systole Diastole Blood flow Skeletal muscle pump Respiratory pump

  15. What is blood? A fluid connective tissue made up of 55% plasma and 45% cellular components • Transportation: O2, CO2, nutrients, metabolic wastes, and hormones • Defense: against invasion by pathogens • Regulatory functions (homeostasis): body temperature, water-salt balance and body pH • Formed elements: produced in red bone marrow • Red blood cells/erythrocytes (RBC) • White blood cells/leukocytes (WBC) • Platelets • Plasma: • 92% water and 8% salts and organic molecules • Plasma proteins are the most abundant molecules Function: Components:

  16. Bone Marrow is the source of formed elements in the blood

  17. Lack a nucleus and some organelles (ex. Mitochondria) Biconcave shape increases surface area Contain about 280 million hemoglobin molecules Produced in the red bone marrow, myeloid stem cells Lifespan of about 120 days Erythropoietin (EPO), regulation of RBC production Old cells are destroyed by the liver and spleen, homeostasis RBC, erythrocytes: O2, CO2 Transporters Structure Production

  18. Eastern Kentuky University. http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/RITCHISO//301notes4.htm RBC Formation

  19. Hemoglobin, Hb • Pigment in red blood cells • Macromolecule, protein of 4 polypeptide chains and 4 heme groups (each with 1 amino group) • Each heme contains iron and can bind 1 O2 How does RBC structure mediate its function?

  20. 68% as a bicarbonate ion in the plasma (conversion in RBC’s) 25% in red blood cells Only 7% as carbon dioxide in the plasma -Why? How is carbon dioxide transported? Reaction is facilitated by enzymes

  21. What disorders involve RBC’s? • Anemia – a condition resulting from too few RBC’s or hemoglobin that causes a run-down feeling • Sickle-cell anemia – genetic disease that causes RBC’s to be sickle shaped that tend to rupture • Hemolytic disease of the newborn – a condition with incompatible blood types that leads to rupturing of blood cells in a baby before and continuing after birth

  22. White blood cells • Derived from red bone marrow, myeloid stem cells • Large blood cells that have a nucleus • Production is regulated by a protein, colony-stimulating factor (CSF) • Found in the blood and tissues • Fight infection, part of the immune system • Some live days and others live months or years

  23. How are white blood cells categorized? • Granular – contain noticeable granules, lobed nuclei • Eosinophil • Basophil • Neutrophil • Agranular – no granules, nonlobed nuclei • Lymphocyte • Monocyte

  24. About 50-70% of all WBC’s Contain a multi-lobed nucleus (polymorphonuclear) Upon infection they move out of circulation into tissues and use phagocytosis to engulf pathogens Neutrophils

  25. Small percentage of WBC’s Contain a bilobed nucleus Many large granules function in parasitic infections and play a role in allergies Small percentage of WBC’s Contain a U-shaped or lobed nucleus Release histamine related to allergic reactions Eosinophils and Basophils

  26. About 25-35% of all WBC’s Large nucleus that takes up most of the cytoplasm Develop into B and T cells that are important in the immune system Lymphocyte

  27. Relatively uncommon WBC’s Largest WBC with horseshoe-shaped nucleus Take residence in tissues and develop into macrophages Macrophages use phagocytosis to engulf pathogens Monocyte, Macrophage

  28. Severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID) – an inherited disease in which stem cells of WBC’s lack an enzyme that allows them to fight any infection Leukemia – a groups of cancers that affect white blood cells in which cells proliferate without control Infectious mononucleosis – also known as the “kissing disease” occurs when the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infects lymphocytes resulting in fatigue, sore throat and swollen lymph nodes What disorders involve WBC’s?

  29. Platelets • Made of fragments of large cells called megakaryocytes made in the red bone marrow, myeloid stem cell • About 200 billion made per day • Function in blood clotting • Blood proteins named thrombin and fibrinogen are important for blood clotting by leading to fibrin threads that catch RBC’s

  30. Thrombocytopenia –number too low Thromboembolism – when a clot forms and breaks off from its site of origin and plugs another vessel Hemophilia – a genetic disorder that results in a deficiency of a clotting factor so that when a person damages a blood vessel they are unable to properly clot their blood both internally and externally What disorders involve platelets?

  31. Plasma • 91% water, the rest is salts and organic molecules • Plasma proteins are the most abundant organic molecules in the blood • Produced by the liver (one exception) • Homeostasis, pH • Large proteins, osmotic gradient Albumins – most abundant and important for plasma’s osmotic pressure as well as transportation of organic molecules Globulins – a, b, g. also important in transportation Fibrinogen – important for the formation of blood clots

  32. Points to Understand • What type of tissue is blood and what are its components? • What is found in plasma? • Name the 3 formed elements in blood and their functions. • How does the structure of red blood cells relate to their function? • Describe the structure and function of each white blood cell. • What are disorders of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets? • How does the cardiovascular system interact with other systems to maintain homeostasis (think EPO)?

  33. Blood Myeloid stem cell Erythrocyte, RBC Erythropoetin Hemoglobin Heme group Anemia Sickle cell anemia Hemolytic disease of the newborn Leukocyte, WBC Granular leukocyte Agranular leukocyte Neutrophil Eosinoohil Basophil Lymphocyte Monocyte Macrophage Severe combined immunodeficiency disease Leukemia Infectious mononucleosis Platelets Fibrinogen Fibrin threads Thrombocytopenia Thromboembolism Hemophilia Albumin globulins Terms

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