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Research Needs for HTS Power Delivery Technology

power lines, motors transformers generators fault current limiters. HTS Wires. Photodisc Royalty Free Photograph. Research Needs for HTS Power Delivery Technology. Presented at the DOE-OE R&D Planning Workshop Tallahassee, FL Feb. 2, 2006 by Robert A. Hawsey hawseyra@ornl.gov

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Research Needs for HTS Power Delivery Technology

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  1. power lines, motors transformers generators fault current limiters HTS Wires Photodisc Royalty Free Photograph Research Needs for HTS Power Delivery Technology Presented at the DOE-OE R&D Planning Workshop Tallahassee, FL Feb. 2, 2006 by Robert A. Hawsey hawseyra@ornl.gov Electricity.DOE.gov (865) 574-8057

  2. Achieve uniformity in kilometer lengths DOE goal for 2010 2010 2008 Increase current and magnetic field tolerance DOE 2006 goal 2005 Present trend Need to increase short sample performance and long length uniformity in low and high magnetic fields to reach DOE goals.

  3. Commercial motors/generators 1000 Cables 65 K Transformers Military Applications Current/cm width Short-sample 2G lab data 100 77 K 10 0 1 2 3 Magnetic field (Tesla) Magnetic field requirements have been met under laboratory conditions --- and need to be proven with scalable processes under industrial conditions OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY

  4. Furukawa Electric: “HTS wire must get to $25/kA-m to have actual cable cost directly equivalent to XLPE (underground) cable cost alone.” …few believe 1G can get there Innovative processes must be researched and developed to take cost out of all parts of “2G” wires now being developed Proposed 5-year target: 2 orders of magnitude price reduction from today’s “research” price Need increased understanding of the intrinsic limits to current in these wires Helps drive the processing R&D Finally, for the broadest applications--- Cryogenic systems at suitable cost/performance ratio need to be developed Strategic research needed to make this happen Must drive the cost down by increasing performance and researching innovative processes

  5. Three major R&D needs for superconductivity in electric power systems: wires • Higher currents in longer lengths • Proposed 5-year targets for 2G wire • current 400 A (4.4 mm wide wire), up from today’s 70 A. • 1000-m lengths (up from today’s 100-m lengths) • Higher magnetic field capability for wires made with low-cost, high-volume processes • Proposed 5-year target: engineering current density of 50,000 A/cm2 at 2-Tesla applied magnetic field in kilometer lengths, up from today’s 20,000 (short samples) • Reduce process complexity and cost • Reduce processing steps and use of different processing techniques • Target: wire cost reduced to $25/kA-m within 5 years

  6. Need to reduce ac loss while maintaining high currents through materials improvement and conductor design & engineering. • HTS grid applications can significantly raise efficiency • Resistance losses are negligible • But, maintaining cold operating temperature consumes energy and remaining losses (thermal and ac) must be minimized • Conductor geometry research can reduce ac losses • AC loss reduction • Proposed 5-year target: 5 W/m ac loss (@100-mT) today <0.01 W/m in 5 years Hysteresis losses were minimized by creating a multifilamentary structure in the YBCO coated conductor (USAF) 2G Roebel conductor (THEVA)

  7. Need to develop cryogenic (20-80 K) electric insulation materials for grid applications • DOE program thrust: develop and demonstrate high voltage/low temperature electrical insulation materials • Dielectric materials are application-specific • AC grid applications require high voltage standoff for the component lifetime – 1011 ac cycles • A single dielectric failure can shut the device down. • New high voltage materials that can provide electrical insulation at temperatures 30-80 K are needed. • Need to research and develop more materials to make engineering tradeoffs in real devices • A Cryogenic Dielectrics Research Initiative is proposed 800 kV lightning impulse generator

  8. Need to develop high-efficiency, low-cost cryogenic cooling equipment • Broad goals from the DOE Cryogenic Roadmap require R&D expenditures • Proposed 5-year targets: • Reliability increase to allow availability > 99.8% • Efficiency increase to achieve 30 % of Carnot • CapEx cost decrease from $100 to $25/watt at ~ 65-80 K Cryocoolers used in MRI systems and HTS motors

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