Chapter 11 The Nation Grows

1. Chapter 11 The Nation Grows Westward Expansion

2. Louisiana Purchase • Americans began to move west in the early 1800s. • The French named land to the west of the Mississippi, Louisiana, but it was given to Spain. • On March 4, 1801, Thomas Jefferson became the third President of the United States.

3. At his inauguration, or taking office, he spoke of his hopes for the young nation. • He stated that the United States was “a rising nation, spread over a wide and fruitful land.” • In your own words, this means __________________________________________________________________ • He knew that there were serious problems to be faced.

4. Problems • The U.S. had no ports of its own on the Gulf of Mexico. • Farmers from the north had to ship their goods down the Mississippi River to New Orleans. • From their goods, they could sell to ships going to Europe or the Atlantic coast of the U.S., but it was costly for farmers. • Due to this, Jefferson was worried that people in the west might not stay loyal to the government.

5. Spain returns land to France • Jefferson learned that Louisiana was given back to the French and he worried that the U.S. would not be able to expand farther west. • Jeffersonsent representatives to the French leader, Napoleon Bonaparte, to ask him to sell the land. • Bonaparte agreed to sell the land only because he needed money to fight wars between Britain and the Caribbean.

6. Activity • Look at the following Bubble Map. Recreate the following map in your Out-put page of your notebook. Fill in information answering the questions that are in the outer bubbles. Where did you learn this information? What? Why? Louisiana Purchase How?

7. Lewis and Clark • An expedition of the Louisiana Purchase was under way. The land went from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains and from New Orleans north to Canada. • Jeffersonchose Meriwether Lewis, an army officer, and William Clark to lead the expedition. • They took a group of soldiers called the Corps of Discovery. One in particular was Clark’s slave, York.

8. Expedition • In May 1804, the group left present-day St. Louis and traveled North up the Missouri River. • By October, they reached present-day North Dakota. • Winter was approaching. They built a camp near a Mandan Indian Village they called Fort Mandan. • A fur trader’s wife, a Shoshone Indian woman named Sacagawea, agreed to help guide the expedition when it reached the land of the Shoshones.

9. In the spring of 1805, the expedition set out again up the Missouri River. • Sacagawea helped the men get horses from the Shoshones and continued over the mountains. • On the other side of the mountain, they built boats to row down other rivers towards the Pacific coast. • More than 3,000 miles were covered.

10. End of the expedition • In March of 1806 they began their journey back to St. Louis. • They reached the settlement in September of 1806 with many facts and items such as seeds, plants, and living animals. • They became the pathfinders, people who find a way through an unknown region, to the Pacific coast. • What they didn’t explore was the southwestern part of the Louisiana Purchase. In the winter of1806 another expedition was made by Zebulon Pike. He founded a mountain that is now called Pikes Peak.

11. Activity • Complete the questions using the map on the worksheets given. Staple or tape these pages in your notebook on the Out-put page.

12. The War of 1812Lesson 2 • As Americans moved west, angry Native Americans tried to stop them from taking their lands. • British in Canada helped the Indians by selling them guns and encouraged them to fight. • Eventually troubles in the western lands pushed the United States into a second war with Britain.

13. War Fever • British forced workers from American ships to work for them. This is called impressment. • Members of Congress from several states wanted war with Britain. They were eventually referred to as war hawks. • President James Madison declared war on Britain in June of 1812.

14. Even though Britain had the strongest Navy in the world, the U.S. Navy won two important battles. • On August 19, 1812, the U.S. warship Constitution fought the British ship Guerriere. Cannonballs could not pierce the hard oak of the Constitution. It became known as “Old Ironsides.” • Why did the ship Constitution gain the nickname “Old Ironsides”? ________________________________________________________________

15. British Raids • In August 1814 British soldiers burnt down many buildings in Washington, D.C., such as the White House, the Capitol, and the Library of Congress. • Before the buildings were burnt, First Lady Dolley Madison quickly packed up important documents and a life size picture of George Washington. She nearly didn’t make it out of Washington before the British approached.

16. Francis Scott Key saw the American flag waving in Baltimore where the British were now bombing. Right then, Francis quickly wrote the song “The Star-Spangled Banner.” The song became a national anthem. • Americans were not going to give up and they pushed the British out of Baltimore. • The British pushed through to go to New Orleans. Andrew Jackson was waiting and ready for them. • The British soldiers had a 10-day seige, long-lasting attack, on Jackson’s soldiers. • Jackson’s soldiers finally forced the British to leave. • Jackson stated, “By the Eternal, they shall not sleep on our soil!” What does Jackson mean by this quote? ____________________________________________________________________________________________

17. The Era of Good Feelings • Americans learned later that the battle of New Orleans was not necessary. A peace treaty was signed in Europe two weeks early. • Neither side clearly won, but the Americans were proud of the United States for sticking up to the British. • The 5th president, James Monroe, negotiated a new boundary line between the U.S. and Canada. He also got Spain to give up claims to West Florida. • On December 2, 1823, President Monroe announced a doctrine, a government plan of action, to stop the growth of Spanish, French, Russian, and British colonies. It came to be called the Monroe Doctrine. • It closed the hemisphere to any future colonization by European countries.

18. Activity • Write a paragraph comparing the Revolutionary War with the War of 1812. Include reasons for fighting the wars, how they were different, and how they were the same. • Be sure to write complete sentences, spell check, and use correct punctuation. • This will be counted as a grade.

19. The Age of JacksonLesson 3 • It is now 1826 • It is the 50th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence and there are now 24 states. • Originally voting was for only those owning property, but now all white men have the right to vote.This is a democracy where people rule and make choices about their lives and government.

20. Democracy Grows • Those voted in office have now changed. It is no longer someone always wealthy, well-educated men who owned property. Some had little money or schooling. • Andrew Jackson of Tennessee was elected as the 7th President in 1828. • He was the first to be elected from a western state. • He taught himself how to read, became a successful lawyer, and later a judge.

21. Jackson served in the military as a General in the War of 1812. • When Jackson became President on March 4, 1829, thousands came to Washington, D.C. to see Jackson’s inauguration. • Jackson was tough and stubborn. His politics became known as “Jacksonian democracy.” • He believed that people who did not own property should be able to vote. • He believed that the Second Bank of the United States should be brought to an end. He felt that the bank had too much control over bank notes and the nation’s gold. He argued that the bank did not care about the general public, but only the wealthy.

22. Indian Removal • In 1830 Congress passed the Indian Removal Act which was Jackson’s idea. • All Indians east of the Mississippihad to leave their lands. • Most tribes refused to leave and fought to stay in their land. • Federal troops forced tribes to leave and in 1838 the last large group of Cherokees traveled more than 800 miles. • By March 1839, more than 4,000 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food. The long journey was called the “Trail Where They Cried.” It was later called the “Trail of Tears.”

23. Activity • Watch the following video. • http://www.brainpop.com/socialstudies/famoushistoricalfigures/andrewjackson/ • Create a circle map with information you learned between the video and the notes already taken. Don’t forget the frame of reference.

24. From Ocean to OceanLesson 4 • Americans continued to move west and looked towards other lands such as the Spanish colony of Texas, the Oregon Country, and other western lands. • In 1845 the words manifest destiny were heard for the first time. Many Americans shared the belief that the United States should one day stretch from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean.

25. Americans in Early Texas • In 1821 Mexico won its independence from Spain and Americans began to settle in Texas. • The Mexican government became worried and by 1830 it passed a law stopping more Americans from settling in Texas. • Americans in Texas had to follow Mexican laws and pay more taxes. They became angry. • In 1834 General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna took over the Mexican government and made himself a dictator, a leader who has complete control of the government.

26. Continued… • The American and Mexican settlers were angered by Santa Anna’s actions. • Fighting broke out against the Mexican government. • Different battles occurred and in the end, on April 21, 1836, Houston’s army surprised the Mexicans. Santa Anna agreed to give Texas its independence if they spared his life. • Texas became part of the United States in 1845.

27. Trails West • The Santa Fe Trail ran from Independence, Missouri to Santa Fe, New Mexico. • This was a trail that ran west covering 780 miles. • The Oregon Trail ran from western Wyoming, western Montana, Idaho, Washington, and Oregon. • This trail also ran west covering more than 2,000 miles.

28. Mormons settle Utah • In the 1840s, the Mormons originally followed their leader Joseph Smith to Nauvoo, Illinois. • There were problems with beliefs and Joseph Smith was killed in 1844 by an angry crowd. • Brigham Young became the new leader and led the Mormons to the Great Salt Lake between 1846-1847.

29. War with Mexico • Lands to the west of Texas were owned by Mexico. • The U.S. and Mexico did not agree on the border between Texas and Mexico. • War was declared and the U.S. invaded Mexico in 1847. • In February 1848 the U.S. and Mexico formally ended the war by signing the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. • Mexico had to give up present day California, Nevada, Utah, and parts of Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Wyoming.

30. The California Gold Rush • In the 1840s, California was a land of large ranches and a few small towns. • Gold was found not long before the treaty was signed. • This set off a gold rush, a sudden rush of new people to an area where gold has been found. • The gold seekers began calling themselves forty-niners because they arrived in 1849.

31. Timeline – Out-put page • Take the information from the power point slides and put it in a time line. The time line must include the dates, what happened during those dates, and they must be put in chronological order. • Discovery Streaming: The Lone Star Legacy

32. An Industrial Revolution • As the country continued to grow, new inventions changed the way goods were made. • Machines were being used instead of hand tools. • Dirt roads became roads with tar and stones. • They are to be used for transportation of goods and settlers to new states. • The first highway, referred to as the “NationalRoad,” opened in 1818 through Ohio joining the eastern U.S. and places west of the Appalachian Mountains. • By 1860 there were more than 88,000 miles of road.

33. Canal Building • Road travel was costly and it took so much time. • In 1817 New York voted to build the “Grand Canal” to Lake Erie. • This would begin at the Hudson River and be 363 miles long. • After eight years of hard work, the Erie Canal was finally opened in 1825. • Canal building only lasted for a short time.

34. Steamboats and Railroads • Steamboats quickly became the main form of river travel. • Railroads changed the way people and goods moved on land. • The steam engine was invented in Britain by Thomas Newcomenin the early 1700s. • Over the years the steam engine was improved and by 1860 there were more than 1,000 great paddle-wheel steamboats in the United States. • About the same time period, the steam engine was used for locomotives, or railroad engines. • As the railroads began to grow, so did manufacturing in the U.S.

35. Growth in Manufacturing • In the late 1700s Britain was the only country that had machines that spun thread and wove textiles, or cloth. • The workers were not allowed to leave the country in fear that people would find out. • A man by the name of Samuel Slater, disguised himself and took information about the machines that he secretly wrote down. • He went to the United States and in 1790 he started the first spinning wheel in the U.S. with another man by the name of Moses Brown.

36. Continued… • Francis Cabot Lowell of Massachusetts changed the system of organizing factories. • He provided boardinghouses for his workers. • The process for turning cloth was under one roof. • American furniture had changed at this time and interchangeable parts were parts exactly alike.

37. Inventions Bring Change • In 1793Eli Whitney developed the cotton gin, or engine. • The cotton gin removed the seeds from cotton fibers much faster than hand. • Other useful inventions such as the farm equipment helped farming on a large scale. • In 1800 there were 309 patents, or licenses to make, use, or sell new inventions. • By 1860 there were more than 40,000 patents.

38. Output Activity • United Streaming: The Industrial Revolution • Directions: Watch the video and take some notes. • Create a Cause and Effect Thinking map. • The Causes include the following: • The National Road opened • The Erie Canal opened. • The steam engine is invented.