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Trading Peoples

Trading Peoples. AP World History Chapter 3 Notes. Trading Peoples. Civilizations of Egypt & Mesopotamia greatly influenced neighboring people in the Fertile Crescent = the Aramaeans and the Phoenicians Trading peoples Traveled by sailing ships & by caravan

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Trading Peoples

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  1. Trading Peoples AP World History Chapter 3 Notes

  2. Trading Peoples • Civilizations of Egypt & Mesopotamia greatly influenced neighboring people in the Fertile Crescent = the Aramaeans and the Phoenicians • Trading peoples • Traveled by sailing ships & by caravan • Spread languages, customs, and ideas as they traded around the Fertile Crescent

  3. The Aramaeans • Settled in central Assyria around 1200 BCE • Capital = Damascus • Gained control over the trade between Egypt and Mesopotamia

  4. The Aramaeans • Because their caravans crisscrossed the Fertile Crescent nonstop, people learned their language called Aramaic • Main language of the region until the 800s • Closely related to Hebrew and Arabic • Many parts of the Bible were written in this language

  5. The Phoenicians • Canaan = land between ancient Egypt and Syria • Canaan = modern day Israel, Lebanon, and Jordan • Phoenicians settled in northern Canaan

  6. The Phoenicians • Sailed the seas for trade • Made strong, fast ships using timber in cedar forests • Built a string of towns & cities along their coast • Grew to become city-states • Built confederation (loose union) of city-states

  7. The Phoenicians • Expert navigators • Plotted voyages using the sun & stars • Took charge of Mediterranean shipping and trade

  8. The Phoenicians • Created an alphabet = series of written symbols that represent sounds • Only 22 characters • Each character represented different consonant sound • Basis for our alphabet we use today

  9. The Phoenicians • To protect & re-supply their ships, the Phoenicians set up a network of trading posts and colonies along the coasts of the Mediterranean • Colony = settlement of emigrants

  10. The Lydians • Lived in Asia Minor • This area famous for its gold deposits • First group to develop a monetary system with set prices using coins • Everybody else still bartering = exchanging goods • Soon the concept of money traveled to other societies

  11. The Olmec Civilization AP World History Chapter 3 Notes

  12. Mesoamerica • Meso = means middle • Refers to any cultures that lived in present-day Mexico & Central America

  13. Olmec Civilization • One of the earliest Mesoamerican civilizations • Located near Gulf of Mexico • Knowledge of them comes from excavations of 2 main sites = San Lorenzo and La Venta  both discovered in the 1930s

  14. Olmec Civilization • Olmec = known for gigantic stone heads carved from basalt (volcanic rock) • Some more than 9 feet tall • Some weighed as much as 40 tons • Heads of rulers • Built without wheels or “beasts of burden”  Olmec moved these heads about 60 miles from the mountains to the sites where they were found • Think about the giant head from Legends of the Hidden Temple! His name was Olmec!

  15. Olmec Civilization • Religion played an important role in the lives of the Olmec • Many carvings found of the main Olmec god = a being with a human body and the catlike face of a jaguar • Olmec believed the jaguar god controlled the harvests

  16. Olmec Civilization • Early Olmec farmers used slash-and-burn farming = farmers cut down trees to clear land & burned whatever was left • Planted maize and other crops among fertile ashes • Problem = soil became exhausted after about 2 years • Farmers then shifted fields & repeated the cycle

  17. Olmec • Olmec often traded with other Mesoamerican civilizations • Olmec artifacts found in other regions • Olmec ideas show up with later civilizations, such as: • Religious ceremonies • Sacrificial rituals • Bloodletting • Game of pok-a-tok

  18. Olmec Civilization as the “Mother Civilization” in Mesoamerica • Because of the influence that the Olmec civilization had on future civilizations within Mesoamerica, it is often referred to as the “Mother Civilization” in Mesoamerica

  19. Pok-a-tok • A ritual ball game = rubber balls were batted back and forth across a walled court • Symbolized the back & forth struggle between this world and the next

  20. Olmec Religion • Olmec rulers = BOTH political leaders AND spiritual leaders • Performed rituals and ceremonies to satisfy the gods • Temples and pyramids built where thousands could gather for special religious ceremonies and festivals

  21. Religious Rituals of the Olmec • Bloodletting • Sacrifice of humans, animals, and valuable objects

  22. Bloodletting • Tools used: • Blades • Stingray spines • Sharks’ teeth • Obsidian flakes • Rope with thorns • Jade “spears”

  23. Sacrifice

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