Academic Biology Organic Compounds and Enzymes

1. Academic BiologyOrganic Compounds and Enzymes Goals 2.01, 2.02, 2.04

3. Cells are made of organic compounds. • Organic compounds are made of three major elements, carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O). Other elements may be present, but these three are the most common. • Carbon is the most important element because it can form covalent bonds with other carbon and with other elements. • Organic compounds are large molecules made of rings or chains of carbon atoms.

4. Carbon • Compounds found in organisms consist mainly of CARBON atoms that are joined together and arranged in chains or rings.

5. Carbon’s electrons • Carbon has 4 electrons in it’s outermost energy level • It can make 4 covalent bonds with other Carbon atoms or other elements. • Carbon can form single, double, and triple bonds

6. Monomers and Polymers and how they form. • The smallest organic molecule in an organic compound is called a monomer. • Monomers can be joined together to form larger organic molecules called polymers. • Monomers are joined by together by a process that removes water called a condensation reaction.

8. Condensation Reaction forms Polymers • Polymers are formed by removing water. We called it a condensation reaction.

9. Hydrolysis breaks polymers. • Polymers are broken apart into monomers by adding water.

10. Types of Organic Compounds common to Organisms. • All organisms contain 4 common organic compounds. • Carbohydrates • Proteins • Nucleic acids • Lipids

11. Common Organic Compounds

12. Organic Compounds

13. Enzymes • Enzymes are • proteins • used to speed up reactions. (catalyst) • Lower activation energy • specific to the reactions they catalyze. • reusable.

14. Activation Energy • The energy need to start a reaction. • For example a car needs a car battery to start.

16. Enzymes • What effects them and how? • Temperature • Optimal point, denatures when too hot or cold usually • pH • Optimal point, denatures when to acidic or basic usually • Concentration • As concentration increases so does reaction rate • Denature means the enzyme is broken and will no longer bind with the substrate.

17. Enzyme and Temperature

18. Enzyme and pH

19. Increasing Enzyme Concentration