Indirect Causes of European Explorations

1. Indirect Causes of European Explorations

2. Earlier Explorations • Islam & the Spice Trade  Silk Road • New Player  Europe • Nicolo, Maffeo, & Marco Polo, 1271 • Expansion becomes a state enterprise  monarchs had the authority & the resources. • Better seaworthy ships.

3. Motives for European Exploration Crusades  by-pass intermediaries to get to Asia. Renaissance  curiosity about other lands and peoples. Reformation  refugees & missionaries. Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue. Fame and Fortune Technological Advances

4. New Maritime Technologies Better Maps [Portulan] Hartman Astrolabe(1532) Mariner’s Compass Sextant

5. New Weapons Technology

6. European trade routes

7. A Map of the Known World,pre- 1492

8. Direct Causes = 3 G’s • Political: Become a world power through gaining wealth and land. (GLORY) • Economic: Search for new trade routes with direct access to Asian/African luxury goods would enrich individuals and their nations (GOLD) • Religious: spread Christianity (GOD) The 3 motives reinforce each other

10. European Colonization European Colonization • Once the New World is discovered, the Big 4 European countries begin competing for control of North America and the world…. • Portugal • Spain • France • England • This power struggle ultimately leads to several wars.

11. European Colonization The Portuguese • The Portuguese were the first to begin searching for an all water route to Asia….. • Prince Henry the Navigator – 1450’s • 1416-Founded the school of navigation

12. Explorers Sailing For Portugal • Prince Henry the Navigator - Portugal - Funded Exploration down coast of Africa - 1419-1460 • Dias - Portugal - Rounded the Cape of Good Hope - 1488 • Vasco da Gama - Portugal - Opened trade with India - Placed Portugal in position to dominate trade with India - 1498 • Cabral - Portugal - Claimed present day Brazil for Portugal - 1500

13. Explorers Sailing For Spain & Portugal • Amerigo Vespucci- Italian sailing for both Spain and Portugal - Sailed to the America’s – coined the phrase “New World” and is also where we get the name America from - 1501

14. The Spanish • Spanish first to pursue colonization • Start in Caribbean, then Central and South America—most important was conquest of Aztecs by Cortez (1521) and Incas by Pizzaro (1531) • First permanent colonies in what will become United States are founded by Spain • St. Augustine (Florida) is founded (1565) to protect Spanish treasure fleets

15. Explorers Sailing For Spain • Christopher Columbus - Italian sailing for Spain - Landed in the “West Indies” - 1492 • Ferdinand Magellan - Portuguese sailing for Spain - 1st to circumnavigate the world – 1522 • Hernando Cortes – Explored Mexico & Central America. Conquers/destroys the Aztec Empire – 1521 • Francisco Pizarro – Explored Peru. Conquers/destroys the Inca Empire - 1532

16. Columbus’ Four Voyages

17. Spanish soldiers who came to the New World to help conquer and settle the Americas for Spain. • Some of their methods were harsh and brutal especially to the Native American population. • With every Spanish explorer were conquistadors and members of the Catholic Church to convert Native Americans.

18. Now that Spain & Portugal are exploring…what do you think will happen???

19. The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494& The Pope’s Line of Demarcation, 1493 • In fear of war between Spain and Portugal the Pope divides the undiscovered territories of the world with his Line of Demarcation. • Everything to the left of the line belonged to Spain and everything to the right of the line belonged to Portugal. • Let’s look at the map on the next page…Who got the better end of the deal???

20. The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494& The Pope’s Line of Demarcation, 1493

21. The English • English first attempt at colonization is Roanoke—unsuccessful • Settle Jamestown (1607) • Settle Plymouth (1620)

22. Explorers Sailing For English • Francis Drake– Circumnavigation of the world 1577-1580—First British to do so. • 2nd in command of the English fleet • Helps defeat the Spanish Armada • Exploration

23. The French • French settle Quebec (1608) & Montreal (1642) and what would become Canada • Control St. Lawrence River & access to interior of North America • Develop a fur trade

24. Explorers Sailing For France • Jacques Cartier - France - Reached St. Lawrence River - Claimed Eastern Canada for France – 1535 • Samuel de Champlain - France - “Father of New France” - Established Quebec (the 1st permanent French colony in N. America) - Established settlements and explored Maine, Montreal & Nova Scotia - 1608

25. European Colonization The Dutch • Like French, Dutch focus on fur trade & send only a few men to settlements • Found Albany (New York, 1614) on Hudson River • New Netherland (becomes New York) is an extension of the Dutch global trade system

26. Explorers Sailing For The Netherlands • Henry Hudson - English sailing for the Dutch - Searching for Northwest Passage - Claimed Hudson River - Settlers established New Netherlands (New York) - 1609

27. Let’s Make an Advertisement! • You will be making an advertisement encouraging people to explore. Your GOAL is to get people to start their own explorations for a European country of your choice. • Requirements: • Work in Pairs or Individually • Choose one of the big 4 countries we just discussed • Emphasize at least 2 of the 6 motivations why exploration took place • Use the voyages and achievements of at least 3 of the explorers we just discussed today to help others become interested in exploring. • Use words AND images