The Enlightenment Part I

1. The EnlightenmentPart I

2. Enlightenment • A new intellectual movement that stressed reason and thought and the power of individuals to solve problems. • Standard 10. 2 Compare the major ideas of philosophers and their effects on the democratic revolutions in England, the United States, France, and Latin America.

3. Hobbes versus Locke (Most people think Locke wins)

4. Two Views on Government • Thomas Hobbes • Leviathan (1651) • People act out of self-interest, so the ruler needs total power to keep citizens under control • Absolute Monarchy

5. John Locke • Two Treatises on Government (1689)

6. Natural RightsWhere do they come from? • Life- defend yourself against citizens and the government • Liberty- free speech, assembly, religion, press • Property- own property and protect it. • Government should never violate a person’s natural rights

7. Social Contract • People created the govt. to protect their individual rights. • The government’s authority comes from the consent of the people. • There is a contract between citizens and their government. • What are each of their responsibilities?

8. The most important question! • What if the government deprives people of their rights? • The people have a right to …..?????

9. Legacy of Locke • Locke’s ideas regarding the source of authority and the right to rebel influenced men such as Thomas Jefferson and Simon Bolivar • Lock’s ideas are also present in the Declaration of Independence and the Bill of Rights

10. Review # 1 • Where does a person get their natural rights from? What are the 3 natural rights? • What is the best form of government according to Hobbes? Why? • What is meant by the term social contract? • Where does the government get its’ authority or sovereignty? • Do you think Locke would agree with the Glorious Revolution? Why or why not?

11. Enlightenment Part II The Philosophes

12. Five Beliefs • Reason- truth discovered by logic • Nature- what is natural is good • Happiness- secularism • Progress- society can improve • Liberty- we already went over this one!

13. Voltaire • “I do not agree with a word you say but will defend to the death your right to say it.”

14. Montesquieu • The Spirit of Laws (1748) • “Power should be a check to power”

15. Montesquieu • Separation of Powers • England (constitutional monarchy) vs. • France (absolute monarchy) • 3 Branches (avoid Tyranny!) • Checks and Balances- each branch has specific powers. Each branch checks the power of the other two. Thus, a balance ofpower exists between the 3 branches.

16. Separation of Powers and Checks and Balances

17. Read Analyzing Primary Sources p.197, answer #1,2 in notes

18. Jean Jacques Rousseau • The Social Contract (1762) • “Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains”

19. Rousseau continued • Civilization corrupts people’s natural goodness • Direct democracy - “Will of the people” • The social contract is an agreement among free individuals to create a society and a government (How does Rousseau’s idea of the social contract differ from Locke and Hobbes?) • All people are equal and titles of nobility should be abolished

20. Review #2 • Define Enlightenment. • Who are the philosophes? • What are their 5 beliefs? • Which freedom, as seen in the U.S. Bill of Rights, did Voltaire promote? • How did Montesquieu’s ideas influence American government? • Why did Rousseau feel that a direct democracy was the best form of government?

21. Cesare Beccaria • Criminal Justice • Right to a speedy trial • No torture • The punishment should fit the crime • No capital punishment • Many of Beccaria’s ideas are in the U.S. Bill of Rights

22. Mary Wollstonecraft • A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792) • Education is the key to women’s rights • “strength of body and mind are sacrificed to notions of beauty, the only way a women can rise in the world is by marriage”

23. Legacy of the Enlightenment • Belief in Progress • More Secular Outlook • Importance of the Individual

24. Review # 3 • According to Beccaria, what rights does a person accused of a crime entitled to? • What did Wollstonecraft believe was the key to women’s rights? • What are the 3 legacies of the Enlightenment? Which is the most important? Explain why.

25. Ch. 6 Sec. 3 Enlightenment Spreads • Read p. 202 • Answer # 6, 8 on p. 205 in notes

26. Ch. 6 sec. 2 The Enlightenment in Europe • Define Enlightenment • Why did Thomas Hobbes believe that the ruler needed total control? • Define social contract • What was the best type of government according to Hobbes? • According to John Locke, all people are born with which 3 natural rights. • What is the purpose of government? • Where does the government’s power come from? • What happens if the government does not protect the rights of the people? • Who were the philosophes? • What were the five beliefs of the philosophes? • What freedoms did Voltaire fight for? • What were humanity’s worst enemies? • Why did Montesquieu believe that Britain was the best governed nation? • Which ideas did Montesquieu contribute to the United States Constitution? • What was the best form of government according to Rousseau? Explain why. • What did Beccaria believe was wrong with the justice system? • What rights should a person accused of a crime have? • Mary Astell used Enlightenment arguments to criticize the unequal relationship between whom? • What did Mary Wollstonecraft believe would lead women to lead virtuous and useful lives? • What were the 3 legacies of the Enlightenment? Copy questions, answer in complete Sentences, use pen

27. Ch. 6 sec.2 Enlightenment Copy and fill in chart on your own paper.