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Space Exploration II

Claude A. Piantadosi, MD Director, F.G Hall Laboratory for Hyperbaric, Hypobaric, and Environmental Medicine Duke University School of Medicine. Space Exploration II. Space Exploration II. Objective “To boldly go where no one has gone before” Problem 1: Choosing a destination The Moon

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Space Exploration II

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  1. Claude A. Piantadosi, MD Director, F.G Hall Laboratory for Hyperbaric, Hypobaric, and Environmental Medicine Duke University School of Medicine

    Space Exploration II

  2. Space Exploration II Objective “To boldly go where no one has gone before” Problem 1: Choosing a destination The Moon A Lagrange point Mars An Asteroid Problem 2: Getting there Problem 3: Staying there Problem 4: Coming home
  3. Mankind Beyond Earth
  4. Mankind Beyond Earth Saturn from Titan ChesleyBonestell 1888-1986 “—the painting that launched a thousand careers."
  5. Mankind Beyond Earth Civilization is obliged to become spacefaring — not because of exploratory or romantic zeal, but for the most practical reason imaginable: staying alive. —Carl Sagan
  6. Unwelcome Visitors http://www.purdue.edu/impactearth
  7. Unwelcome Visitors Unwelcome Visitors Near Earth Objects (NEOs) Shoemaker-Levy-9; May 1994 Jupiter impact Chelyabinsk Bolide; Feb 2013 Earth atmosphere burst Mars cometary event; Oct 119, 2014 First Line Planetary Defense A Second Home Mars: NASA/JPL; Comet Halley: Hale Observatory; Composite: Phil Plait
  8. Source: NASA NEO Office Unwelcome Visitors
  9. Mankind Beyond Earth Problems of getting there Power (chemical propulsion is not the solution) Life support Atmosphere/temperature control that works in deep space Microgravity Cosmic radiation
  10. Mankind Beyond Earth Problems of staying there Surface Technologies Power Oxygen, water, food Recycling Endogenous resources (ISRU-ISLE) Radiation Microgravity Bone loss Muscle loss Vision loss Isolation/confinement
  11. Mankind Beyond Earth Solar system destinations:
  12. Who will pay? Future costs borne by Individual nations, e.g. China, Russia, USA for political capital and prestige Consortium of nations to distribute the cost Private enterprise groups, e.g. SpaceEx and Bigelow for commercialization Consortium of government and private enterprise for betterment of mankind
  13. Major life support functions Life support Crew protection Resource allocation Atmosphere supply and control Radiation dosimetry and protection Water storage and management Microbe control Food storage and management Temperature and humidity control Fire safety Plant growth Atmosphere revitalization Outside contaminant control Waste recovery and recycling Logan mobile
  14. SLS-1 Space Launch System (SLS-1) Heavy lift capacity is reality Lift capacity 70 metric tons Final lift capacity 130 metric tons First test launch 2017 First astronauts 2018-2020 Safe, reliable, affordable, reusable?
  15. SLS-1 Configurations
  16. Obamaroid Mission
  17. Sweet Selene Project Apollo is the only time in history that human beings have left the protection of the Van Allen Belts
  18. Surface of the Moon LCROSS Spacecraft 2009
  19. The old NASA Soft Shoe
  20. Surface of the Moon
  21. Lunar Radiation Artist's concept lunar electrostatic radiation shield Lunar Surface Conditions Gravity 16% (0.165) Earth Essentially no atmosphere Large daily temperature variations (-250 to +250oF) No magnetic field Acute radiation sickness CME (solar storm) Radiation intensity GCR SPE Lunar lava tube (underground) The Geologic History of the Moon (USGS Prof. Paper 1348) Time
  22. Lava Tunnels?
  23. Location, location, location Is there adequate O2trapped on the Moon for a base? Lunar soil (regolith) is O2-rich Recoveraablein many ways; requires 20-50 kW/ kg O2 Solar energy not an limiting, but must supply each person with ~1kg (2.2 lbs.) O2per day Ilmenite deposits (Iron-titanium oxide FeTiO3) Composition of the lunar regolith
  24. What are the Moon’s resources? Composition of the lunar regolith:
  25. Water on the Moon? Three sources of water 600 million metric tons (~158 billion gallons) Deep crater ice Ice-soil mixture Thin diffuse, but evanescent layer New surface technologies needed to access to it
  26. South Lunar Pole Base? Shackleton crater (difficult access) Solar arrays on rim could provide continuous power Malapert Peak, 5-km high is 120 km away; always visible from Earth Large IR or liquid mirror telescope in shade of crater floor (cold trap) LMT
  27. The Lunar Dust Problem The Moon is covered in dirt Ultrafine spiculated particles that penetrate to alveolar region It settles really slowly in 0.165 g
  28. From the NASA Lunar Science Institute Lunar Science for Kids: NASA wants a fully operational moon base by 2024. A key challenge is preparing a landing area with launch pads that protect human habitats from being “sand-blasted” by spacecraft “NASA has identified blast debris from takeoffs and landings to be a hazard for its planned moon outpost,” David Gump, of Astrobotic Technology, Inc. and researchers at Carnegie Mellon NASA-sponsored report says two remote-controlled droids could build a landing site for a lunar outpost in <6 months Asafer, cheaper alternative to human construction Study concludes that a pair of 330-pound (150-kilogram) robots the size of riding lawn mowers could get the job done The bots’ would stabilize patches of loose lunar soil and erect 8.5-foot-tall (2.6-meter) walls around launch pads NASA needs more information about soil conditions at the lunar poles—the likeliest sites for an outpost—before they could build prototype robots Estimate that two bots plus the landing vehicle and pads would cost $200 to $300 million The robots could continue to work after the landing site is built
  29. The Next Generation Spacesuit PLSS Z-2
  30. Is Mars Accessible to People?
  31. Mars Direct? Robert Zubrin 1996
  32. The 1998 NASA Mars Reference Mission Conjunction mission Long stay mission Minimum energy mission Destination Mars Point of no return
  33. Mankind Beyond Earth
  34. Mankind Beyond Earth
  35. Solar modulation of galactic radiation 11-Year Solar Cycle SPE GCR Radiation Flux SCR Minimum Maximum Minimum
  36. Mars in Flight Radiation Assuming a Total Mission Dose Equivalent of 1 Sievert, a trip to Mars and back would lead to a 5-percent increase in risk for developing fatal cancer. Currently, NASA’s career limit for astronauts is 3%. 
  37. Add 10 cm H2O shielding Mankind Beyond Earth Mars in-flight radiation 1000 Total mission duration 800 Days on surface 600 Days 400 Round trip in deep space 200 0 20 30 40 50 60 Age (years)
  38. Mankind Beyond Earth The Case for Mars Distance from Sun ~1.5 AU Gravity 0.38 g CO2 atmosphere 1% Earth (Pb 5-7 Torr) Cold Martian sunset: Spirit at Gusevcrater
  39. Mankind Beyond Earth Radiation environment on Martian surface Averages 2.5x the dose on the ISS
  40. Mars Curiosity 2012
  41. The Weather on Mars
  42. One Way Missions? Escape velocity ~11,178 mph (5.03 km/sec )

  43. DESTINATION DEIMOS:

    A Design Reference Architecture for Initial Human Exploration of the Mars System J. S. LoganGroup Manager, Human Test Support; Clinical Services Branch/SD3; NASA Johnson Space Center James.s.logan@nasa.gov D. R. AdamoIndependent Astrodynamics Consultant: Houston, TX Adamod@earthlink.net 2nd International Conference on the Exploration of Phobos and DeimosNASA Ames Research Center14-16 March 2011
  44. Virtues of DEIMOS Third Largest “NEO” (12.6 km mean diameter)Less Delta-V than Moon, Phobos, Eros (escape velocity of 12.5 mph (5.6 m/s; 20 km/h)!!Only 20,000 km from Martian surface Just above aerosynchronous orbit Launch window every 2.14 years Visualize all of Mars except extreme polar regions
  45. Mankind Beyond Earth Beyond Mars—Power 76 K at 1 bar Solar
  46. Beyond Mars Beyond Mars—Radiation Distance from the Sun (AU)
  47. Mankind Beyond Earth NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts Spacecraft powered by a positron reactor concept for Mars Reference Mission spacecraft NASA xenon ion propulsion drive is reliable, lightweight, and accelerates to high velocities—but very slowly Radiation shielding by generation of an EM field is possible “Consumable” drives
  48. Space Exploration II Number of Exoplanets in Milky Way? Kepler telescope searched for exoplanets 0.5-2.0 Earth radii in 1o area of sky near Cygnus and Lyrae (100,000 stars) 2,321 candidates 2012 >750 confirmed exoplanets Since 1996 Gas giants Hot-super-Earths in fast orbits Ice giants Smallest radius 1.9 earth
  49. Light Speed Ship Design
  50. Habitable Zone
  51. Space Exploration II “Nearby” Stars
  52. Space Exploration II Alpha Centauri is a binary G star system 4.3 light years away Assume the Sun is the size of a quarter Earth is the size of a period Earth to Sun is 107 quarters side- by-side Sun to Alpha Centauri is >30 million quarters (Durham to Philadelphia)
  53. Kepler22b (600 light years away) Earth Masses 36-124
  54. Kepler 186f System (500 light years)
  55. Conclusions?
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