What is Anatomy and Physiology?

1. What is Anatomy and Physiology?

2. A&P Anatomy- Study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts. Study of “form”. Gross Anatomy: you can see these structures with the naked eye. i.e (a femur) Microanatomy,also called histology views the tissues of large structures to see their cellular detail: i.e slide of femur tissue. Physiology- Study of function. It is largely a study of the body’s processes related to homeostasis.

3. What Does it Mean to Be Human? • Belong to order of mammals: PRIMATES • Opposable thumbs, make hands Prehensile (able to grasp). • Eyes are forward-facing allowing for sterioscopic vision which gives depth perception. • Bipedalism- Standing upright and walking on two legs

4. Characteristics of ALL life • Organization (characterized by levels) • Cellular Composition-living things are always compartmentalized into one or more cells. • Metabolism- they take in molecules from the environment and chemically change them to make more of themselves; metabolism includes: catabolism-breaks down molecules and anabolism -builds molecules and also excretion-elimination of metabolic wastes • Response to Stimuli-ability to sense changes and react • Homeostasis-ability to maintain internal stability • Development- any change in form or growth over lifetime. • Reproduction-ability to produce a copy of oneself

5. Levels of Organization From the simplest to most complex level of organization in the body: • Atoms which form mostly molecules. • Cells- smallest units of living things. • Tissues- groups of cells which combine to have a common function. • Organ- 2 or more tissues performing specific function. • Organ System- Group of organs working together for a common purpose.

7. Organ System Overview: . Cardiovascular- Transport of nutrients to cells and wastes away from cells Endocrine: Controls body activities slowly through the use of chemicals called HORMONES which travel in blood to from gland to distant target organs. Respiratory:Keeps bloods supplies with oxygen, removes carbon dioxide from blood. Digestion:Breakdown of food and absorbsion of nutrients into blood. Urinary: Maintenance of water balance; acid/base balance; excretion of nitrogenous wastes products. *Which organs belong to each system??? Be familiar. Systems Continued on next slide…….

8. Integumentary- External support and protection of body; helps maintain body temperature Skeletal- Internal support, movement and production of blood cells. Muscular- Body movement, production of heat Nervous system- Regulatory centers for control of all body systems; Learning and memory. Reproductive- Production of sperm and egg; fertilization and development Lymphatic: Helps to cleanse the blood and is involved in IMMUNITY (fighting disease)

10. Organization • Atom:Carbon • Molecule:Myoglobin (a protein) • Cells:Muscle Cell • Tissues: homogenous layer of cells. One being smooth muscle which is composed of layers of smooth muscle cells. • Organ: Different tissues working together to serve a similar function.Smooth muscle, epithelial and connective tissues…make up blood vessel (an organ) • System; blood vessels along w/ heart -Circulatory System (ORGAN SYSTEM LEVEL) • Organism: Cardiovascular System, Respiratory, Skeletal etc.

12. Atoms are electrically neutral Protons = Electrons Atomic number = number of protons Atomic mass = protons + neutrons

24. Planetary Models of Elements p+ represents protons, no represents neutrons

26. Chemically reactive—outer shell not full Chemically inert—full outer shell

29. Why Do Elements React? • Most elements react because they are highly UNSTABLE due to the fact that their outer electron shell or “valence shell” is not full. • Bonding, either by transference of electrons or sharing results in a full outer shell…and a new compound. • One column of elements ….The NOBLE gases, do not react..are inert , because their valence shells are already full.

30. Single Covalent Bond • One pair of electrons are shared

34. Anions and Cations • Anion • atom that gained electrons (net negative charge) • Cation • atom that lost an electron (net positive charge) • Ions with opposite charges are attracted to each other

38. Hydrogen Bonding in Water

39. Hydrogen Bonds • This is bond between molecules….. OR • Between different parts of one molecule • It occurs between covalently positively charged Hydrogen and negatively charged atom. • Important in many biological molecules ……like DNA!!!

40. Water • High Specific Heat- Loses and gains heats S-L-O-W-L-Y • High Surface Tension and Cohesion- Water molecules sticking together form a “film” or tension. • Universal Solvent- Dissolves polar or ionic molecules which are the most prevalent kind in living systems.

41. DNA and its H-Bonds

43. Acids, Bases and pH • An acid is proton donor (releases H+ ions) • A base is proton acceptor (accepts H+ ions) • pH = the concentration of H+ ions in solution • a pH of less than 7 is acidic solution • a pH of greater than 7 is basic solution • a pH of 7.0 is neutral pH

44. PURE Water is a neutral molecule; It has as many H+ as 0H- ions. pH = 7 • One unit in pH change = a 10 fold increase either way in H+ ion conc. • If pH goes up - then you have decrease H+ ion conc. Tenfold and you now are more basic (example.. pH 7 to pH 8 has 10x less H+)

45. 0 7 14 basic alkaline acid pH Negative logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration strongweakstrong

46. pH Scale

47. Acids and bases neutralize each other H+ from acids + [OH]- from bases H2O Buffers • prevent abrupt pH changes • act as H+ sponge

48. An Example of Homeostasis • Nearly all life chemistry occurs around pH 7…slightly over. Blood has pH between 7.3 and 7.5 and must be maintained as such! • When pH falls ACIDOSIS, TOO HIGH ALKALOSIS • BUFFERS: these are what MAINTAIN homeostasis of pH. ….we have buffer systems….Hemoglobin is a buffer.

49. Bicarbonate is an alkaline and a vital component of the pH buffering system of the body ,maintaining acid-base homeostasis. 70%-75% of CO2 in the body is converted into carbonic acid(H2CO3), which can quickly turn into bicarbonate (HCO3−). What are terms for too acidic? Too Alkaline?