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SOCIOLOGY’S THREE BIG QUESTIONS

SOCIOLOGY’S THREE BIG QUESTIONS. and. THREE SMALL DUTCH QUESTIONS. Wout Ultee Interuniversity Center for Sociology (ICS) at Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen, Netherlands. Presentation at the Danish Institute for Social Research Copenhagen, Denmark December 11-12, 2003.

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SOCIOLOGY’S THREE BIG QUESTIONS

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  1. SOCIOLOGY’S THREE BIG QUESTIONS and THREE SMALL DUTCH QUESTIONS Wout Ultee Interuniversity Center for Sociology (ICS) at Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen, Netherlands Presentation at the Danish Institute for Social Research Copenhagen, Denmark December 11-12, 2003

  2. THE ‘OLDER’ POPPER SURPASSED THE DILEMMA OF THE PRIMACY OF THEORY OR THE PRIMACY OF RESEARCH BY STATING THAT ANY SCIENCE, INCLUDING SOCIOLOGY, STARTS WITH QUESTIONS WHICH ARE TENTATIVELY ANSWERED BY THEORIES, THESE PROPOSITIONS ARE TESTABLE AND THE MORE INFORMATION THEY CONVEY THE BETTER; AND THESE PROPOSITIONS SHOULD BE TESTED

  3. THAT IS: QUESTIONS INSTEAD OF TOPICS PROPOSITIONS RATHER THAN CONCEPTS APPROACHES ARE TO ARRIVE SOMEWHERE BY DEVELOPING INTO INFORMATIVE PROPOSITIONS NO ILUSTRATIONS BUT TESTS (COUNTEREXAMPLES INSTEAD OF EXAMPLES)

  4. MORE SOUND BITES THE BEST QUESTIONS ARE CONTRADICTIONS BETWEEN THEORIES AND RESEARCH FINDINGS APART FROM THEORY-GUIDED RESEARCH THERE SHOULD BE QUESTION-DRIVEN THEORIZING

  5. THE SUPPOSEDLY SORRY STATE OF SOCIOLOGY: IS SOCIOLOGY NOTHING BUT AN APPROACH, DOES IT ADDRESS AT BEST A LONG LIST OF HETEROGENEOUS TOPICS? THE HISTORY OF SOCIOLOGY MAKES CLEAR THAT SOCIOLOGY ADDRESSES THREE BIG QUESTIONS THESE BIG QUESTIONS COMPRISE AN EXPANDING ARRAY OF SMALL SIMILAR QUESTIONS

  6. SOCIOLOGY’S HOLY TRINITY RAISED QUESTIONS ABOUT SOCIETIES, BUT DIFFERENT CHARACTERISTICS OF THEM: MARX INEQUALITY DURKHEIM COHESION WEBER RATIONALIZATION THESE QUESTIONS ARE BIG ONES, THEY FORM AN ARRAY OF SIMILAR SUBQUESTIONS

  7. WEBER’S PROBLEM OF RATIONALIZATION

  8. WEBER’S PROBLEM OF RATIONALIZATION RISE OF SCIENCE

  9. WEBER’S PROBLEM OF RATIONALIZATION RISE OF SCIENCE TECHNICAL ARTS

  10. WEBER’S PROBLEM OF RATIONALIZATION RISE OF SCIENCE TECHNICAL ARTS FORMAL STATE

  11. WEBER’S PROBLEM OF RATIONALIZATION RISE OF SCIENCE TECHNICAL ARTS FORMAL STATE RISE OF CAPITALISM

  12. WEBER’S PROBLEM OF RATIONALIZATION RISE OF SCIENCE TECHNICAL ARTS FORMAL STATE RISE OF CAPITALISM BANK CAPITALISM

  13. WEBER’S PROBLEM OF RATIONALIZATION RISE OF SCIENCE TECHNICAL ARTS FORMAL STATE RISE OF CAPITALISM BANK CAPITALISM ENTREPRENEURIAL CAPITALISM

  14. WEBER’S PROBLEM OF RATIONALIZATION RATIONALIZATION AS WESTERN UNIQUENESS RISE OF SCIENCE TECHNICAL ARTS FORMAL STATE RISE OF CAPITALISM BANK CAPITALISM ENTERPRENEURIAL CAPITALISM

  15. THE EMERGENCE OF THE PROBLEM OF COHESION

  16. THE EMERGENCE OF THE PROBLEM OF COHESION HOBBES ON THE WAR OF ALL AGAINST ALL AND THE WAR OF ALL RULERS AGAINST ALL RULERS

  17. THE EMERGENCE OF THE PROBLEM OF COHESION HOBBESON THE WAR OF ALL AGAINST ALL AND ON THE WAR OF ALL RULERS AGAINST ALL RULERS LOCKE ON THE REBELLION OF SUBJECTS AGAINST RULERS

  18. THE EMERGENCE OF THE PROBLEM OF COHESION HOBBES ON THE WAR OF ALL AGAINST ALL AND ON THE WAR OF ALL RULERS AGAINST ALL RULERS LOCKE ON THE REBELLION OF SUBJECTS AGAINST RULERS BENTHAM ON SWIFT, SEVERE AND CERTAIN SENTENCING

  19. THE EMERGENCE OF THE PROBLEM OF COHESION COHESION HOBBES ON THE WAR OF ALL AGAINST ALL AND ON THE WAR OF ALL RULERS AGAINST ALL RULERS LOCKE ON THE REBELLION OF SUBJECTS AGAINST RULERS BENTHAM ON SWIFT, SEVERE AND CERTAIN SENTENCING

  20. THE EMERGENCE OF THE PROBLEM OF COHESION COHESION HOBBES ON THE WAR OF ALL AGAINST ALL AND ON RULERS AGAINST RULERS LOCKE ON THE REBELLION OF SUBJECTS AGAINST RULERS BENTHAM ON SWIFT, SEVERE AND CERTAIN SENTENCING DURKHEIM ON SUICIDE

  21. ONCE MORE DURKHEIM ON COHESION

  22. ONCE MORE DURKHEIM ON COHESION COHESION

  23. ONCE MORE DURKHEIM ON COHESION COHESION VIOLENCE AGAINST OTHERS

  24. ONCE MORE DURKHEIM ON COHESION COHESION VIOLENCE AGAINST OTHERS ISOLATION / TIES

  25. ONCE MORE DURKHEIM ON COHESION COHESION VIOLENCE AGAINST OTHERS ISOLATION / TIES ECONOMIC TIES THROUGH THE DIVISION OF LABOUR

  26. ONCE MORE DURKHEIM ON COHESION COHESION VIOLENCE AGAINST OTHERS ISOLATION / TIES ECONOMIC TIES THROUGH THE DIVISION OF LABOUR SUICIDE AS CUTTING THE LAST TIE TO SOCIETY

  27. ONCE MORE DURKHEIM ON COHESION COHESION VIOLENCE AGAINST OTHERS ISOLATION / TIES ECONOMIC TIES THROUGH THE DIVISION OF LABOUR SUICIDE AS CUTTING THE LAST TIE TO SOCIETY PARTAKING IN RELIGIOUS RITES

  28. ONCE MORE DURKHEIM ON COHESION COHESION VIOLENCE AGAINST OTHERS ISOLATION / TIES ECONOMIC TIES THROUGH THE DIVISION OF LABOUR SUICIDE AS CUTTING THE LAST TIE TO SOCIETY PARTAKING IN RELIGIOUS RITES MARRIAGE AND DIVORCE

  29. THE PROBLEM OF INEQUALITY BEFORE MARX

  30. THE PROBLEM OF INEQUALITY BEFORE MARX FERGUSON’S UNEQUAL LIVING CONDITIONS

  31. THE PROBLEM OF INEQUALITY BEFORE MARX INEQUALITY FERGUSON’S UNEQUAL LIVING CONDITIONS

  32. THE PROBLEM OF INEQUALITY BEFORE MARX INEQUALITY FERGUSON ON UNEQUAL LIVING CONDITIONS MILLAR ON LAWS STIPULATING UNEQUAL RELATIONS BETWEEN TWO TYPES OF PERSONS

  33. THE PROBLEM OF INEQUALITY BEFORE MARX INEQUALITY FERGUSON ON UNEQUAL LIVING CONDITIONS MILLAR ON LAWS STIPULATING UNEQUAL RELATIONS BETWEEN TWO TYPES OF PERSONS

  34. THE PROBLEM OF INEQUALITY BEFORE MARX INEQUALITY FERGUSON ON UNEQUAL LIVING CONDITIONS MILLAR ON LAWS STIPULATING UNEQUAL RELATIONS BETWEEN TWO TYPES OF PERSONS MEN AND WOMEN

  35. THE PROBLEM OF INEQUALITY BEFORE MARX INEQUALITY FERGUSON ON UNEQUAL LIVING CONDITIONS MILLAR ON LAWS STIPULATING UNEQUAL RELATIONS BETWEEN TWO TYPES OF PERSONS MEN AND WOMEN PARENTS AND CHILDREN

  36. THE PROBLEM OF INEQUALITY BEFORE MARX INEQUALITY FERGUSON ON UNEQUAL LIVING CONDITIONS MILLAR ON LAWS STIPULATING UNEQUAL RELATIONS BETWEEN TWO TYPES OF PERSONS MEN AND WOMEN PARENTS AND CHILDREN MASTERS AND SERVANTS

  37. THE PROBLEM OF INEQUALITY BEFORE MARX INEQUALITY FERGUSON ON UNEQUAL LIVING CONDITIONS MILLAR ON LAWS STIPULATING UNEQUAL RELATIONS BETWEEN TWO TYPES OF PERSONS MEN AND WOMEN PARENTS AND CHILDREN MASTERS AND SERVANTS RULERS AND SUBJECTS

  38. THE PROBLEM OF INEQUALITY WITH MARX INEQUALITY FERGUSON’S UNEQUAL LIVING CONDITIONS MILLAR’S UNEQUAL LAWS

  39. THE PROBLEM OF INEQUALITY WITH MARX INEQUALITY FERGUSON’S UNEQUAL LIVING CONDITIONS MILLAR’S UNEQUAL LAWS MARX ON DE JURE AND DE FACTOINEQUALITY

  40. THE PROBLEM OF INEQUALITY WITH MARX INEQUALITY FERGUSON’S UNEQUAL LIVING CONDITIONS MILLAR’S UNEQUAL LAWS MARX ON DE JURE AND DE FACTOINEQUALITY HUNGER WAGES

  41. THE PROBLEM OF INEQUALITY SINCE MARX INEQUALITY FERGUSON’S UNEQUAL LIVING CONDITIONS MILLAR’S UNEQUAL LAWS MARX ON DE JURE AND DE FACTOINEQUALITY UNEM-PLOY-MENT AND HUNGER WAGES

  42. THE PROBLEM OF INEQUALITY SINCE MARX INEQUALITY FERGUSON’S UNEQUAL LIVING CONDITIONS MILLAR’S UNEQUAL LAWS MARX ON DE JURE AND DE FACTOINEQUALITY UNEM-PLOY-MENT AND HUNGER WAGES BERNSTEIN ON WAGES RELATIVE TO PROFITS

  43. THE PROBLEM OF INEQUALITY SINCE MARX INEQUALITY FERGUSON’S UNEQUAL LIVING CONDITIONS MILLAR’S UNEQUAL LAWS MARX ON DE JURE AND DE FACTOINEQUALITY UNEM-PLOY-MENT AND HUNGER WAGES BERNSTEIN ON WAGES RELATIVE TO PROFITS SOMBART ON MOBILITY

  44. THE PROBLEM OF INEQUALITY SINCE MARX INEQUALITY FERGUSON’S UNEQUAL LIVING CONDITIONS MILLAR’S UNEQUAL LAWS MARX ON DE JURE AND DE FACTOINEQUALITY WEBER ON CLOSURE UNEM-PLOY-MENT AND HUNGER WAGES BERNSTEIN ON WAGES RELATIVE TO PROFITS SOMBART ON MOBILITY

  45. THE PROBLEM OF INEQUALITY SINCE MARX INEQUALITY FERGUSON’S UNEQUAL LIVING CONDITIONS MILLAR’S UNEQUAL LAWS MARX ON DE JURE AND DE FACTOINEQUALITY WEBER ON CLOSURE UNEM-PLOY-MENT AND HUNGER WAGES BERNSTEIN ON WAGES RELATIVE TO PROFITS SOMBART ON MOBILITY CONNU-BIUM

  46. THE PROBLEM OF INEQUALITY SINCE MARX INEQUALITY FERGUSON’S UNEQUAL LIVING CONDITIONS MILLAR’S UNEQUAL LAWS MARX ON DE JURE AND DE FACTOINEQUALITY WEBER ON CLOSURE UNEM-PLOY-MENT AND HUNGER WAGES BERNSTEIN ON WAGES RELATIVE TO PROFITS SOMBART ON MOBILITY CONNU-BIUM CONVI-VIUM

  47. THE PROBLEM OF INEQUALITY SINCE MARX INEQUALITY FERGUSON’S UNEQUAL LIVING CONDITIONS MILLAR’S UNEQUAL LAWS MARX ON DE JURE AND DE FACTOINEQUALITY WEBER ON CLOSURE UNEM-PLOT-MENT AND HUNGER WAGES BERNSTEIN ON WAGES RELATIVE TO PROFITS SOMBART ON MOBILITY CONNU-BIUM CONVI-VIUM GOLDTHORPE ON ABSOLUTE RATES

  48. THE PROBLEM OF INEQUALITY SINCE MARX INEQUALITY FERGUSON’S UNEQUAL LIVING CONDITIONS MILLAR’S UNEQUAL LAWS MARX ON DE JURE AND DE FACTOINEQUALITY WEBER ON CLOSURE UNEM-PLOY-MENT AND HUNGER WAGES BERNSTEIN ON WAGES RELATIVE TO PROFITS SOMBART ON MOBILITY CONNU-BIUM CONVI-VIUM GOLDTHORPE ON ABSOLUTE RATES GOLDTHORPE ON RELATIVE CHANCES

  49. IS NOT ALL THIS QUITE STERILE? NO! NEW SMALL QUESTIONS CAN BE ADDED AND HAVE BEEN ADDED IN SOCIOLOGY’S HISTORY ALSO, NEW EVEN BIGGER QUESTIONS ARE POSSIBLE

  50. SOCIOLOGY’S FOUR BIG THEORETICAL TRADITIONS CAN BE WRITTEN AS APPROACHES THAT DEVELOPED INTO INFORMATIVE PROPOSITIONS YIELDING TESTABLE DERIVATIONS HOBBESIAN UTILITARIAN INDIVIDUALISM MARXIAN HISTORICAL MATERIALISM DURKHEIMIAN STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONALISM WEBERIAN INTERPRETATIVE INDIVIDUALISM

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