The Cold War (1945-1991)

1. The Cold War (1945-1991)

2. The Cold War: Roots of the Conflict Soviet Expansion: · The Soviet Union occupied most of Eastern Europe by the end of World War II.

3. In 1946, Winston Churchill correctly warned that the Soviets were creating an “iron curtain” in Eastern Europe. Winston Churchill giving the “Iron Curtain” address at Westminster College on March 5, 1946

4. Peep under the Iron curtain March 6, 1946

5. The “Iron Curtain”

6. Cold War (1945-1991) • Conflict between the U.S. (G.B. and NATO Nations) and Soviet Union • U.S. wanted to stop spread of Communism (wanted European nations to determine their own gov’ts) • Soviet Union wanted to spread Communism (to Eastern Europe and the World) • “Cold War”- no actual shots fired/threat of war

7. Cold War • After WW II, (1945) Germany was divided into 4 zones • U.S. • G.B. • France • Soviet Union • 2 World Super Powers that emerged • U.S. and Soviet Union

8. Focus on Berlin • After World War II, Germany was divided into four zones, occupied by French, British, American, and Soviet troops. Occupation zones after 1945. Berlin is the multinational area within the Soviet zone.

9. Cold War (1945-1991) • Truman Doctrine (1947) • Stated U.S. would provide money in countries threatened by Communist expansion • Marshall Plan (1947) • Was designed to rebuild war torn Europe • $ 13 billion for Europe, Communism would only spread in countries w/ debt • Upset U.S.S.R. and its satellite countries (responded with COMECON) • A country that is economically and politically dependent on other countries • By 1947, Europe was split between beliefs of U.S.S.R. and the U.S.

10. * The U.S. gave over $12 billion in aid to European countries between 1948 and 1952, helping to improve their economies and lessen the chance of communist revolutions.

11. Cold War (1945-1991) • Division of Germany • In Feb. 1948, G.B., France, and U.S. unified West Germany (Berlin) • Created their own gov’t • Soviets opposed → blockaded West Germany • 2.5 million people couldn’t receive food and supplies • Led to Berlin Airlift- supplies flown in by the American and British planes • 10 months, 200,000 flights carried 2.3 million tons of supplies • Sept. 1949, West Germany (Federal Republic of Germany ) was created, Oct. 1949, East Germany (German Democratic Republic) was established by Soviets

12. Soviet blockade: East Berlin West Berlin East Germany West Germany · In June of 1948, the French, British and American zones were joined into the nation of West Germany after the Soviets refused to end their occupation of Germany.

13. · In response, the Soviets cut off West Berlin from the rest of the world with a blockade. Eventual site of the Berlin Wall

14. Cold War (1945-1991) • By 1949, U.S. and U.S.S.R. were entangled in an arms race • Both countries were competing in building up of nuclear weapons and their army • Believed nuclear weapons would prevent war • New Military Alliances • NATO- North Atlantic Trade Organization in April 1949, countries joined together in case their was war (between U.S. and other countries against communism) • Warsaw Pact- (1955) Soviet Union alliance w/ countries in favor of Communism

15. The Arms Race:A “Missile Gap?” • The Soviet Union exploded its first A-bomb in 1949. • Now there were two nuclear superpowers!

16. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949) • United States • Belgium • Britain • Canada • Denmark • France • Iceland • Italy • Luxemburg • Netherlands • Norway • Portugal • 1952: Greece & Turkey • 1955: West Germany • 1983: Spain

17. Warsaw Pact (1955) • U. S. S. R. • Albania • Bulgaria • Czechoslovakia • East Germany • Hungary • Poland • Rumania

18. Cold War (1945-1991) • Berlin Wall • Nikita Khrushchev emerged as new leader of U.S.S.R. in 1955 • Built Berlin Wall (1961), prevented people form fleeing Soviet part of Berlin • Conflicts of Cold War • Korean War (1950-1953) • U.S. wanted to prevent communist N. Korea from invading S. Korea • U.S. prevented invasion

19. The Berlin Wall Goes Up (1961) CheckpointCharlie

20. Ich bin ein Berliner!(1963) President Kennedy tells Berliners that the West is with them!

21. Premier Nikita Khrushchev About the capitalist states, it doesn't depend on you whether we (Soviet Union) exist.If you don't like us, don't accept our invitations, and don'tinvite us to come to see you. Whether you like it our not, history is on our side. We will bury you. -- 1956 De-Stalinization Program

22. The Korean War: A “Police Action” (1950-1953) Kim Il-Sung Syngman Rhee “Domino Theory”

23. Cold War (1945-1991) • Cuban Missile Crisis • JFK became pres. in 1961 • Fidel Castro took control of Cuba in 1959, made alliance with Soviets • JFK attempted overthrow of Castro called the Bay of Pigs • Exiles from Cuba were going to be used to overthrow Castro, failed miserably • Soviets sent missiles to Cuba, Kennedy blockaded Cuba preventing the missiles from arriving

24. Khruschev Embraces Castro,1961

25. Bay of Pigs Debacle (1961)

26. Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

27. Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) We went eyeball-to-eyeball with the Russians, and the other man blinked!

28. Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

29. Cold War (1945-1991) • Vietnam War (1963-1973) • Conflict between U.S. and N. Vietnam (Communist) • Feared Domino Theory- if S. Vietnam fell other countries in Asia would follow • N. Vietnam invaded S. Vietnam, U.S. aided S. Vietnam • In 1973, Pres. Nixon sign agreement allowing U.S. troops to withdraw from Vietnam • N. Vietnam took S. Vietnam, became Vietnam (Communist till today)

30. Vietnam War: 1965-1973

31. Cold War (1945-1991) • End of Cold War • Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in U.S.S.R. in 1985, brought dramatic end to Cold War • New Thinking policy helped thaw Cold War • Soviet Union broke up as countries gained freedom for 1989 to 1991 • Berlin Wall was torn down led to reunification of Germany in 1990

34. Tearing Down of Berlin Wall

35. Tearing Down of Berlin Wall