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Macromolecules

Macromolecules. Standard I h : Students know most macromolecules (polysaccharides, nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids) in cells and organisms are synthesized from a small collection of simple precursors. Mono = one Poly = many Monomers are single units (like bricks)

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Macromolecules

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  1. Macromolecules • Standard I h: Students know most macromolecules (polysaccharides, nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids) in cells and organisms are synthesized from a small collection of simple precursors.

  2. Mono = one • Poly = many • Monomers are single units (like bricks) • Polymers are long chains of monomers (like a wall)

  3. Macromolecules in cells are created from • ANSWERS: • A) groups of cells B) toxic substances • C) small molecules D) one element

  4. Macromolecules are also known as • ANSWERS: • A) Polymers B) Monomers • C) micromolecules D) Nucleotides

  5. Summary

  6. Carbohydrates Monomers = monosaccharides Polymers = polysaccharides Monosaccharides Polysaccharides Uses: Main energy source for cells, Structure Ex: glucose starch (plants) storage glycogen (animals)storage cellulose (plants) structure chitin (insects,fungi) structure

  7. Lipids Monomers = glycerol + fatty acids Polymers = Lipids Uses: Energy storage, chemical messengers, cell membrane Ex: Saturated & Unsaturated Fats, Phospholipids, hormones Saturated Fats Unsaturated Fats • Animal fat • Solid @ room temp • Glycerol w/ 3 fatty acid tails • All single bonds • Plant fat • Liquid @ room temp • Glycerol w/ 3 fatty acid tails • 1 or more double bonds

  8. Phospholipids Sterols • Make up cell membrane • Glycerol w/ 2 fatty acid tails + phosphate • “Head” likes water (hydrophilic) • “Tails” hate water (hydrophobic) • Cholesterol, hormones (testosterone, estrogen) • Complex ring structure

  9. Nucleic Acids Monomers = Nucleotides (3 parts: sugar, phosphate, base) Polymers = Nucleic Acids Uses: Store & Transmit genetic info Ex: DNA & RNA DNA RNA • Ribonucleic acid • Single-stranded • Copy of blueprint used to build proteins • Made of nucleotides • Sugar (ribose) • Phosphate • Base (A, U, G, or C) • Deoxyribonucleic acid • Double-stranded • Contains blueprint for you! • Made of nucleotides • Sugar (deoxyribose) • Phosphate • Base (A, T, G, or C)

  10. Proteins Monomers = Amino acids (Held together by peptide bonds) Polymers = Proteins Uses: Responsible for EVERYTHING about you! (Gene expression) Ex: Enzymes Peptide bond

  11. This group carries out gene expression (structure, transport, defense, enzymes). • ANSWERS: • A) Carbohydrate B) Lipid • C) Nucleic Acid D) Protein

  12. This group contains molecules that make up the cell membrane. • ANSWERS: • A) Carbohydrate B) Lipid • C) Nucleic Acid D) Protein

  13. This group is the main source of energy for all cells and, in plants, it is stored as starch. • ANSWERS: • A) Carbohydrate B) Lipid • C) Nucleic Acid D) Protein

  14. This group contains genetic information and can be found in the nucleus of a cell. • ANSWERS: • A) Carbohydrate B) Lipid • C) Nucleic Acid D) Protein

  15. Enzymes Standard 1b

  16. Enzymes • Enzymes are protein catalysts that speed up chemical reactionsmade by living organisms. • Enzymes are proteins (long chains of amino acids held together by peptide bonds) • They fold into specific 3D shapes determined by the amino acid sequence (coded in DNA)

  17. An enzyme has an active site where the substrate attaches/binds. • The enzyme must be the perfect shape or it won’t work!

  18. The reaction produces a product or products.

  19. There are many different enzymes located in the cytoplasm of a single cell. How is a specific enzyme able to catalyze a specific reaction? A. Different enzymes are synthesized in specific areas of the cytoplasm. B. Most enzymes can catalyze many different reactions. C. An enzyme binds to a specific substrate (reactant) for the reaction catalyzed. D. Enzymes are transported to specific substrates (reactants) by ribosomes.

  20. Function • Enzymes speed up reactions by: • A. lining up molecules so they can react (matchmaker!) • B. putting pressure on bonds to break up molecules (homewrecker!)

  21. Reaction Energy By lining up the molecules involved, enzymes lower the activation energynecessary for the reaction to happen.

  22. Result • Enzymes are not used up during the reaction. • One enzyme can cause millions of reactions.

  23. Enzymes can be denatured (change shape) and stop working.

  24. Factors affecting Enzyme activity • Temperature

  25. pH (acid & base)

  26. Substrate concentration • Few molecules = slow reaction • Many molecules = fast reaction

  27. What causes tomatoes to ripen much more slowly in a refrigerator than they do if left on a table at room temperature? A. Tomatoes need sunlight to ripen. B. Humidity accelerates the ripening process. C. Low temperatures reduce the action of ripening enzymes. D. Enzymes produced by bacteria inhibit ripening.

  28. Some snake venoms are harmful because they contain enzymes that destroy blood cells or tissues. The damage caused by such a snakebite could best be slowed by A. applying ice to the bite area. B. drinking large amounts of water. C. inducing vomiting. D. increasing blood flow to the area.

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