Chapter 13 study guide

1. Anatomy Bowl Prep The Lymphatic and Immune System by Zachary Hale Chapter 13 study guide Know and understand these terms.

2. Overview • The lymphatic system is our “safety net” also known as our immune system. • It is composed of vessels that help maintain fluid balance and lymphoid tissues that help protect the internal environment

3. Lymph Drainage • Understand how the different regions of the body are drained. • Understand the flow of lymph through lymph nodes • Understand the role of lymph nodes in microbial defense

4. The Lymphatic System(define and understand) • Lymph • Fluid in the tissue spaces that carries protein molecules and other substances back to the blood • Lymph Nodes • Bundles of cells along the lymphatic system that: • Filters lymph • Defends the body and houses WBC • Has afferent and efferent vessels that allow lymph to flow in and out in one direction • Lymphatic Vessels • Permit only one way movement of lymph

5. Interstitial fluid • Is the fluid that leaks out of the capillaries and in between tissues • Right Lymphatic Duct • Returns lymph to the heart from the right arm, right upper chest, and right side of the face • Thoracic Duct • Lymph from ¾ of the body return via the thoracic duct • Lacteals • Absorb fats from the villi of the small intestine and carries it through the lymphatic system

6. Lymph nodes • As lymph flows from its origin in the tissue spaces toward the thoracic or right lymphatic ducts and then into the venous blood it is filtered by moving through lymph nodes • Lymph nodes are used for: • Biological filtration of the lymph and for defense • Fluid enters through the afferent side and leaves via the efferent side • Macrophages and WBC that reside in the lymph nodes filter and sample the blood • If a pathogen is found it enables body to respond quickly!

7. Immunity • Know the basic roles in immunity of the different lymphatic organs: Thymus, Tonsils (3 types), Spleen • Define and study the difference between: • Nonspecific Immunity • Specific Immunity

8. Immunity • Thymus • Small lymphoid organ located in the mediastinum • Composed of lymphocytes in a unique epithelial meshwork • Is the site for T-cell maturation • A WBC vital for defense • T-cells develop under the influence of the hormone thymosin • Tonsils • Masses of lymphoid tissue • Are located in a protective ring under the mucous membranes of the mouth and back of the throat • Spleen • Largest lymphoid organ • Filters the blood

9. Specific immunity • Includes protective mechanisms that confer very specific protection against certain types of pathogens • Involves memory and the ability to recognize and respond to particularly harmful substances • Nonspecific immunity • Is maintained by mechanisms that affect any irritant or abnormal substance that threatens the body • General protection!

10. Immune System: Protein Molecules Know how these proteins function to defend against invasion: • Antibodies • Complement

11. Antibody: • Protein compounds that are normally present in the body • They bind to antigens (may be foreign proteins, most often molecules on the surface of things invading the body) • Complement proteins • Is the name used to describe 14 proteins normally present in an inactive state in the blood • Proteins are activated by exposure of complement-binding sites to antibodies • This results in the formation of a highly specialized antigen-antibody complex that targets foreign cells for destruction

12. Immune System: Cells Know the basic function of each of these cell types and where they are formed: • Phagocytes- cells that use phagocytosis to ingest foreign particles • Neutrophils • Monocytes • Macrophages • Lymphocytes • T-Lymphocytes • Sensitized T cells- can kill invading cells or recruit macropahges • B-Lymphocytes • Immature B cells • Activated B cells • Plasma cells – send huge amounts of antibodies into the blood • Memory cells – wait in lymph nodes for second exposure to an antigen

13. Disease and Immunity • What is a disease process that attacks the immune system directly and how?

14. HIV • Is a virus that directly attacks the body • The virus invades T-cells • Then uses the T-cell machinery to produce more copies of the virus • Eventually the T-cell is bombarded with new virus molecules and explodes releasing more virus molecules into the blood

15. The End