Unit 2: Cells and Tissues

1. Unit 2: Cells and Tissues Chapter 3 in textbook

2. Unit 2 Goals 2.1 Describe the structure and function of all organelles of an animal cell including the plasma membrane 2.2 Differentiate between isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic solutions and how cells respond to each 2.3 Explain the mechanisms for both active and passive transport systems 2.4 Understand that all of the body’s processes occur at the cellular level 2.5 Understand that maintaining a cell’s boundaries is vital to life 2.6 Define the 4 major tissue types and their functions 2.7 Describe the specific structure and function of each tissue within the 4 major tissue categories 2.8 Identify the steps to tissue repair 2.9 Define tissue & their relationship to organs 2.10 Apply the structure and function of tissues to the organs we’ll study in detail in future units

3. Cellular/Plasma Membrane • Separates cell contents from the _____________________ • Very dynamic in many cellular activities • **Remember: All processes within the body are actually ______________ processes!!

4. Plasma Membrane Structure

5. Plasma Membrane Structure • Made up of a lipid bilayer containing • Proteins • Acts as binding sites (receptors) for hormones or chemical _________________ • Acts as _____________to aid in the transport of materials through membrane (for water or water-soluble substances) • Acts as carriers by binding to substances and carrying them through the __________________

6. Glycoproteins _______________ attached to proteins Determines blood type Receptors for bacteria, ____________ and toxins ________________ Stabilizes membrane and keeps it fluid Plasma Membrane Structure

7. Cell Physiology • Cells metabolize: • use nutrients to build new materials • break down substances • _______________________ • digest foods • dispose of waste • _______________________ • _______________________ • move and respond to stimuli

8. Solution: a homogenous mixture of 2+ components Exs: air (mixture of gases), ______________ (salt & water) ____________: the substance presenting the largest amount within the solution Water = bodies chief solvent Membrane Transport

9. Solutes: substance present in ___________ amounts within a solution Intracellular Fluid: a solution within cells; containing small amounts of gases, nutrients & salts; all ________________________________ Membrane Transport

10. Membrane Transport • Interstitial/Intracellular Fluid • ______________ surrounding outside of cells • Derived from _________________ • All exchanges between blood and cells made here • Very nutritious: ______________, fatty acids, vitamins • Contains hormones, salts and waste products

11. Membrane Transport • Selective Permeability: when a barrier only allows ____________ select substances into or out of cell • Passive Transport: substances are passed across the membrane without expending energy Great for ___________________!!

12. Membrane Transport • _____________ Transport: when a cell uses ____________to move substances across a membrane. Substances are either too large, unable to dissolve in fat core or are moving against a _________________ gradient

13. Can You Define These? • Isotonic Solution • Hypertonic Solution • Hypotonic Solution

14. Histology • The study of…..? • Definitions: • Avascular: • Innervated:

15. Epithelial: protects, secretes, absorbs & forms ____________ Connective: supports & ______________ Muscular: ________________ Nervous: transmits impulses 4 Major Types of TissueNames and Functions:

16. Epithelial Tissue • Special characteristics: • ___________________ • Innervated • Rests on a basement membrane: material that attaches epithelium to underlying connective tissue • Cells fit closely, forming _______________________

17. Epithelial Tissue Continued • Cells fit closely, forming continuous sheets • Always has one, free, ____________________ (exposed to body’s exterior or to cavity of internal organ) • ____________________ with sufficient nourishment

18. Epithelial Classification • 1.) By cell shape • Squamos: flattened cells • ______________: boxlike cells • Columnar: higher than wide (tall)

19. Epithelial Classification • 2.) By layers • Simple: one layer • Stratified: several ____________ • Pseudostratified: single layer but looks like two layers

20. Epithelial Classification • Draw the following based on epithelial classifications: • Simple columnar epithelial tissue • Stratified cuboidal epithelial tissue • Stratified squamos epithelial tissue

21. Assignment • Using your book, pages 86-90, look up the different classifications of epithelium (listed below) & make notes about where each is located within the body and their specific function: • Glandular epithelium • Endocrine glands • Exocrine glands

22. Simple epithelia: Simple squamos Simple cuboidal Simple columnar Pseudostratified Stratified epithelia: Stratified squamos Stratified cuboidal & stratified columnar Transitional epithelia Assignment continued

23. Connective Tissue • Special Characteristics: • Living cells surrounded by a __________________ extracellular matrix which varies the rigidity of connective tissue from solid to liquid • Some __________________, others not • There are several different types:

24. Connective Tissue Types • _______________ • Osteoblasts make a hard matrix surrounded by osteocytes • Contains ________________ deposits • Highly vascularized • Acts to ______________________

25. Connective Tissue Types • Cartilage • Flexible but tough, avascular, dennervated, mostly water • ____________________: rubbery, most abundant type; provides support and pliability; larynx, costal cartilage, ends of long bones, ___________________________ • Elastic cartilage: resistant to bending; external ear • Fibrocartilage: compressible & resists tension; intervertebral discs, _________________

26. Connective Tissue Types • Dense __________________ Tissue • Regular: fibers arranged parallely (unidirectional strength), poorly vascularized, many ______________, enormous tensile strength; tendons, ligaments • Irregular: bundles of collagen fibers, thicker & ________________ (multidirectional strength); skin

27. Areolar Tissue: fluid matrix, widely distributed in body; cushions and protects body ______________ Adipose tissue: aka fat; areolar tissue with _______________; for shock absorption, insulation & energy storage Reticular Connective Tissue: makes a ______that supports free blood cells in spleen, lymph nodes & bone marrow Blood: blood cells surrounded by non-living fluid matrix; used for transport Connective Tissue Types

28. Muscle Tissue • Special characteristics: • _________________________________ • Muscle cell = muscle fiber

29. Muscle Tissue • 3 types: • Skeletal muscle: ____________cells, multi-nucleate, striated, voluntary, attached to bones; causes movement & expressions • _________________: striated, uni-nucleate, make up walls of heart, involuntary; contract to propel blood through vessels • Smooth: no striations, _________________, involuntary, lines walls of hollow organs; propels substances through organs

30. Nervous Tissue • Makes up the nervous system; neurons (______________________________) • Generates & conducts nervous impulses

31. Tissue Repair • Tissue defense mechanisms: • Intact ________________ barriers (skin, mucous membranes) • Cilia (lines _______________ tract) • Acid (skin, stomach)

32. Tissue Repair • When ________________ there are 2 different responses: • 1.) Inflammatory Response • Redness, heat, swelling, loss of function and pain • The body’s attempt to “___________________” the area • Gets clotting factors and nutrients to area • 2.) Immune Response • More specific than inflammatory • ___________________________________

33. Tissue Repair • Tissue Repair is dependant on severity of injury and type of tissue damaged • _________________: replacement of destroyed tissue with the same tissue • _________________: replacement of destroyed tissue with fibrous connective tissue (scar tissue)

34. Regenerates well Epithelium, fibrous connective tissue and ______________ Regenerates poorly Skeletal muscle, ________________, nervous tissue ________________ Strong, lacks flexibility, unable to perform normal functions Specific Tissue Repair