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The Roman Republic

The Roman Republic. 509 BC-27 BC. Section 1 Assignments. 7.1 worksheet Textbook page 154, questions 1-4 Rome’s Perfect Location Reading 1-3 Due Tuesday. Founding of the Roman Republic: Fall of Greece and Rise of Rome.

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The Roman Republic

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  1. The Roman Republic 509 BC-27 BC

  2. Section 1 Assignments • 7.1 worksheet • Textbook page 154, questions 1-4 • Rome’s Perfect Location Reading 1-3 • Due Tuesday

  3. Founding of the Roman Republic: Fall of Greece and Rise of Rome • With the death of Alexander the Great, the Rome began to rise as the dominant power of the Mediterranean world

  4. The Land: Its Geography and Importance(page 150) • Advantages • Good location to control the region(seas/center) • Apennine mountain and various seas allow for trade and travel • Disadvantages • Alps allow for invaders from the north • Large coastline allows for invaders

  5. Background-Rome • Founded by brothers Romulus and Remus. • Romulus kills Remus, hence the name Rome (753 BC) • Built on 7 Hills on the Tiber River • Good farming • In the middle of trade routes • Located 15 miles inland from the coast • Settled by Greeks(culture), and Latin's • After a harsh king, vowed no more kings-Replace with a Republic

  6. Early Roman Republic • Republic: Citizens vote on leaders to run the Government (only adult males could vote and be a leader) • Use a system of checks and balances to keep the balance of power • Three important groups of citizens who help govern the Republic: • Senate • Magistrates • Assemblies

  7. Early Roman Republic Government

  8. Senate • Most Powerful- controlled public funds and decide foreign policy • Acted as a court • Could propose that a citizen be named Dictator or absolute ruler(6 months) • Dictator had total control over the army and courts

  9. Magistrates • Elected officials • Included the Consuls, Praetors, and Censor

  10. Consuls • 2 elected Chief Executives-1 year terms • Ran Government, Commanded the Army and could appoint dictators(6 month rule) • Could veto-refuse to approve the acts of other consuls

  11. Praetors • Help Consuls • Commanded the army in times of war • Oversaw the legal system in times of peace

  12. Censors • Registered citizens according to wealth • Appointed candidates to the senate • Oversaw moral conduct of all citizens

  13. Assemblies • Made up of citizens • Vetoed/approved laws and elected officials(consuls) • Elected 10 officials called tribunes-power over actions by the Senate and other public officials-made sure rulings were fair and in interest of people

  14. The Conflict of Order(367-287) Patricians Plebeians • Powerful landowners • Controlled the Government • Nobles-Inherited power • Majority of the population • Farmers and workers • Few rights • Could not hold a public office Over time the Plebeians achieve politically equality, not economic equality Also got the laws of Rome written down- Twelve Tables

  15. The Role of the Army • Every adult male who owned land had to serve in the army • Disciplined, well trained, and moral was high among troops • 4,500 to 6,000 troops per legionnaire • Auxilia-national guard

  16. The role of the wise policies • Allowed conquered Italian people to be citizens of the Roman Republic • Granted partial citizenship to people of more-distant cities, including Greek city-states • Own property, could marry, but they could not vote • Conquered people had to provide land for the Roman Farmers (Spreads Roman influence)

  17. Assignment • Read Section 2, Chapter 7 pages 155-157 and answer questions 1-4 • Due Wednesday 8th hour, Thursday 1st hour

  18. Rome Expands Its Boarders Punic Wars

  19. The Punic Wars 265B.C.-146 B.C. Background information • Rome came in conflict with Carthage (a powerful city on the N. coast of Africa) • Carthage soon expanded into the western Mediterranean, including Spain and Sicily • Carthage feared that the Roman’s would try to control Sicily • Roman’s feared that Carthage’s navy would control the Mediterranean and prevent overseas trade.

  20. 1st Punic War 4:33 • 23 years of fighting • Naval War • Carthage asked for peace • Romans forced Carthage to: • 1. Pay money for damages • 2. Give up Sicily, Sardinia Video Questions What practice of the Carthaginians disturbs even the Romans? Why does the 1st Punic War seem one sided at the start? 3. How do the Romans build a navy? 4. How big is Hannibal invasion force? 5. What was the deciding factors in the 2nd Punic War 6. What happens at the Battle of Cannae? 7. Why is Scipio able to defeat Hannibal? 8. What happens to Hannibal?

  21. 2nd Punic War • Started in Spain, 15 years • Hannibal- Greatest general of all time created a large army • Marched across the Alps in N. Italy (1/3 die) • Waged war throughout Italy • Major victory at the Battle of Cannae • Fails to take the city of Rome • Roman’s appoint General Scipio • Rome invaded Africa • Hannibal went back to Africa • Scipio defeats Hannibal at the Battle of Zama • Carthage was forced to: • 1. Pay money • 2. Give up navy and colonies in Spain

  22. 3rd Punic War • Roman’s still did not trust Carthage • Roman wanted to crush Carthage • They burn it to the ground, kill ½ million people • They were now the supreme power in the Mediterranean Sea

  23. The problems with expanding • Land: • Gain new territories(provinces) • Make subjects of Rome • Government: • Senate and nobility were more powerful • Corrupt government • Agriculture: • Small farmers lost their land • Rome dependent upon provinces for grain • Livestock were killed • Society: • Unemployed urban poor • Public welfare • Expanded trade created a new social class of wealthy business people • Gap between the rich and poor growsWho was Spartacus?

  24. A Weakening Republic-133 BC-27 BC Problems Attempted Reforms • Large gap between rich and poor • People need land and want political reform(citizenship, hold public office) • Senate and Equites hold most of the power • The brother Gracchi, Tiberius and Gaius • Tiberius elected tribune-133 BC • Attempts land reforms- limit amount of land to be owned, give land to the poor • State funded grain for the people • Killed by a mob of Senator and supporters • Brother Gauis is elected tribune in 123 BC • Pushes brothers reforms and others • Senate passes ‘ the ultimate decree’ death without trial

  25. A Weakening Republic-133 BC-27 BC A New Age Social War • The Gracchi brothers reforms and deaths mark a turning point in the republic • Violence becomes common place in politics • Highlights the power of the Senate and needs of the poor • Rome fights allied people in a series of ‘civil wars’ • Generals begin to create there own armies of volunteers soldiers who are loyal to them

  26. Julius Caesar Video Questions • 1. What kind of world is Julius Caesar born in to? • 2. What is Caesar’s motivation? • 3. What makes Caesar so popular? • 4. Why does Caesar need Southern Gaul? • 5. How does Caesar ensure he wins the election for Consul? • 6. What makes Caesar a good general? Give examples from the battles discussed. • 7. Why is Caesar a threat to Pompey the Great and the Senate? • 8. How is the Triumvirate ended? • 9. How do the Gaul's drive out the Romans? • 10. Why is crossing the Rubicon a significant event for Caesar? • 11. Why is Julius Caesar a significant figure in Roman history? • 12. Did the conspirators do the right thing by assassinating Caesar? Explain.

  27. Julius Caesar Beginning Rule and Assassination • Caesar is a popular speaker and general • Part of the first Triumvirate or rule of three(Pompey the Great and Crassus) • Conquers Gaul, first to invaded Britain and Germany • While in Gaul, Crassus is killed, Pompey declares himself sole consul and orders Caesar home • Caesar invades Rome (crosses the Rubicon River) • Chases Pompey to Egypt, places Cleopatra as ruler(love affair) • Pompey is killed, Caesar returns home victorious, named dictator for life • 44 BC- March 15, Ides of March, Senators conspire to kill Caesar, led by Brutus and Cassius, he is assassinated

  28. The Roman Empire Second Triumvirate The First Emperor-Augustus • Caesar had named 19 year old Octavian his heir • Formed with Marc Anthony and Lepidus • Octavian emerges as sole leader 27 BC • Reigned from 27 BC to 14 AD • Known as the ‘PaxRomana’ or Roman peace

  29. Roman Readings • At each group you will read about a different key person in Roman History(silent) • Once you are done you will be asked to discuss what you read(notes) • Julius Caesar • Octavian/ Augustus • Tiberius • Caligula • Claudius • Nero • Vespaisan

  30. Life in the Roman Empire Worksheet • Read pages 162-167 and list 5 facts about each topic on your sheet.

  31. Life in the Roman Empire Building a Strong Empire Life in Roman Empire • 3 key factors • Strong government and laws • Roads and widespread trade • Strong Army • Distinct Social Classes • Slavery is common • Not always permanent • Male dominated society • Public Entertainment is an essential part of Roman life • Chariots races-Circus Maximus • Gladiators-Coliseum

  32. Life in the Roman Empire Engineering Baths • Use concrete to build grand structures • Aqueducts for water-Arch and the keystone • Vaulted Dome • One thing all Romans participated in was the daily trip to the public baths • All social classes

  33. Roman Empire The Five Good Emperors The Beginning of the End • 96 AD-180 AD • Rome is relatively stable and maintains orders • From 235 AD to 284 AD the Roman Empire begins to fall apart • Civil War • Invaders on the borders • Inflation • Unemployment

  34. A Divided Empire Diocletian 284 AD Constantine 306 AD • Ends Civil War, Establishes order • Decides empire is too big large for one man to rule • Divides Empire-West-East • Co-Emperors • Takes over Western Empire after his father dies • Civil War with the East • Wins- Reestablished sole empire • Establishes city of Constantinople • Adapts Christianity as the state religion • Rules until 337 BC

  35. Bell work • List 3 facts about the Coliseum. • List one thing Diocletian and Constantine did as Emperor.

  36. The Fall of The Western Roman Empire The Final Invasions • After Constantine the empire once again became divided East and West • Rome and Constantinople • 300’s AD Goths invade empire • 410 AD Visigoth’s sack Rome • 455 AD Vandal’s sack Rome • Attilla and the Hun’s attack in 451 AD • 476 AD the last emperor falls

  37. Causes of the Decline Military/Government Economic • Invasions/Civil War • High cost of defense • Dependence on Non-Roman troops • No Loyalty to Rome • General’s greed • Corruption • Ineffective political system • High Taxes • Inflation • Loss of War loot • Poor Harvests Social Gap of rich and poor Loss of Values Loss of Patriotism

  38. Reading Assignment/ Unit Review Reading Packet Unit Review • Read each primary source and answer the questions that follow. • Due Wed. 8th hour • Thurs. 1st hour • Study your review sheet, notes and old assignments • Notecard • Test Wed. 8th hour, Thurs. 1st hour • You will get 20-30 minutes at the beginning of class during MOD to review

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