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Introduction to the Human Body

Introduction to the Human Body. A . Anatomy and physiology defined B . Levels of structural organization C . Life processes D . Anatomical position E . Directional terms F . Planes and sections G . Body cavities H . Homeostasis 1 . Body fluids and exchange

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Introduction to the Human Body

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  1. Introduction to the Human Body • A. Anatomy and physiology defined • B. Levels of structural organization • C. Life processes • D. Anatomical position • E. Directional terms • F. Planes and sections • G. Body cavities • H. Homeostasis • 1. Body fluids and exchange • 2. Regulation by nervous and endocrine • mechanisms • 3. Feedback systems

  2. Anatomy (Greek “anatome” =to cut up or dissect • Physiology (Greek “physis” =nature

  3. Levels of Structural Organization

  4. Life Processes • Metabolism= catabolism + anabolism • Responsiveness • Movement • Growth • Differentiation • Reproduction

  5. Anatomical Position

  6. Directional Terms superior • Superior vs. Inferior • Anterior vs. Posterior • Medial vs. Lateral • Proximal vs. Distal • Superficial vs. Deep Proximal Medial Lateral Distal inferior Anterior Posterior

  7. Planes and Sections • Sagittal • a. midsagittal • b. parasagittal • 2. Frontal (coronal) • Transverse (cross) • Oblique Planes of the Body

  8. Sections Through the Body

  9. Body Cavities • Body Cavities (also material • In Atlas A (A. 12-A.22) and • Handout 1-Body Regions • Dorsal • a. cranial • b. vertebral (spinal • 2. Ventral • a. thoracic • (1) pleural-2 • (2) mediastinum • (a) anterior • (b)middle(pericardial) • (c) posterior • b. abdominopelvic

  10. Homeostasis • (Greek “homoi” =same “stasis” =standing still)

  11. Body Fluids and Exchange • Extracellular fluid (ECF) • a. interstitial fluid • b. plasma • 2. Intracellular fluid

  12. The homeostatic responses of the body are regulated by the combined effects of the nervous system and the endocrine system.

  13. REGULATION OF HOMEOSTASIS Nervous system = electrical messages control events on a millisecond basis; short-term and very specific effects Endocrine system = chemical messages control events on a minute, hour, daily, monthly, etc. basis; longer-term and more widespread effects

  14. Operation of a Feedback System • Condition • Receptor • Control Center • Effectors • Response

  15. Condition- A stimulus or stress disrupts homeostasis in a controlled condition which is monitored by a receptor. Receptor- responds to specific changes in the controlled condition and sends input to control center. Control Center- Receives input from receptors, integrates the information and provides output to specific effectors. Effectors-respond to output from the control center by bringing about some type of change in the body that counteracts the disruption in homeostasis. Response-the activity of the effectors brings the controlled condition back into normal homeostasis and the negative feedback system is shut down. Feedback System: Main Players

  16. WHAT IS A FEEDBACK SYSTEM? CONTROLLED CONDITION some physiologicstate RETURN TO HOMEOSTASIS RECEPTOR senses a change in the condition EFFECTORS structure that restores homeostasis CONTROL CENTER integrates incoming information

  17. WHAT IS A NEGATIVE FEEDBACK SYSTEM? A feedback loop in which the body senses a change and activates mechanisms that reverse the change RETURN TO HOMEOSTASIS blood pressure rises CONTROLLED CONDITION blood pressure turns off decreased increased heart rate and vasoconstriction RECEPTOR baroreceptors in blood vessels EFFECTORS heart and arterial smooth muscle decreased activity CONTROL CENTER medulla of brain nervous output end

  18. Positive Feedback

  19. WHAT IS A POSITIVE FEEDBACK SYSTEM? A feedback loop in which the response reinforces the stimulus, triggering a cycle of ever-increasing response RETURN TO HOMEOSTASIS labor forces baby’s head further into cervix reinforcing effects CONTROLLED CONDITION level of uterine stretch increased RECEPTOR stretch receptors in cervix EFFECTORS uterine smooth muscle contraction increased activity oxytocin secretion CONTROL CENTER hypothalamic neurons of brain

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