DISASTER PROTECTION A Time-Dependent, Economics-Driven , and Policy-Driven Process to Protect a City’s Buildings and

1. DISASTER PROTECTION A Time-Dependent, Economics-Driven, and Policy-Driven Process to Protect a City’s Buildings and Facilities From Disaster Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA

2. THE FOCUS:FROM UN—PROTECTED BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES TO PROTECTED BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES

3. A CITY CAN BECOME DISASTER RESILIENT WHEN … ITS PEOPLE, BUILDINGS, AND ESSENTIAL AND CRITICAL FACILITIES ARE PROTECTED AGAINST COLLAPSE OR LOSS OF FUNCTION IN FLOODS, SEVERE WINDSTORMS, AND EARTHQUAKES BY INNOVATIVE SITING, DESIGN, AND CONSTRUCTION PRACTICES

4. FOUR PILLARS OF RESILIENCE • NATURAL HAZARDS • INVENTORY • VULNERABILITY • LOCATION • PREPAREDNESS • PROTECTION • EMERGENCY RESPONSE • RECOVERY IENCE RISK ASSESSMENT ACCEPTABLE RISK RISK UNACCEPTABLE RISK GOAL: DISASTER RESILIENCE DATA BASES AND INFORMATION COMMUNITY HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS

5. A DISASTER OCCURS WHEN A CITY’S PUBLIC POLICIES ALLOW IT TO BE … UN—PREPARED UN—PROTECTED UN—ABLE TO RESPOND EFFECTIVELY UN (NON)—RECOVRY RESILIENT

6. BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES • Provide an essential function to society by housing: a) people (their habitats), b) activities (education and health care), c)business enterprises (jobs), …

7. BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES (continued) • …d) quality of life functions (places of assembly, recreation, power plants), and e) govern-ment functions.

8. BUILDING TYPES • Single-family dwellings, (including manufactured housing) and Multiple-family dwellings • [NOTE: May be protected by innovative city planning, but NOT a building code]

9. TYPICAL CONFIGURATION FOR SINGLE-FAMILY DWELLINGS BUILDING ELEVATION LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] None, if attention given to foundation and non structural elements. Rocking may crack foundation and structure. 1-2 Box

10. A “BAD” CONFIGURATION FOR SINGLE-FAMILY DWELLINGS BUILDING ELEVATION LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] Vertical transitions in mass and stiffness may cause failure on transition points between first and second floors. 8 - 10 “Soft” First Floor

11. THE “WORST” CONFIGURATION FOR SINGLE-FAMILY DWELLINGS BUILDING ELEVATION LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] Horizontal transition in stiffness of soft story columns may cause failure of columns at foundation and/or contact points with structure. 10 Building on Sloping Ground

12. BUILDING TYPES (with building code requirements) • Business enterprise centers, • Capitols, and centers of government. NOTE: The objective is life safety, so repairable damage, is allowed, but NOT COLLAPSE.

13. TYPICAL CONFIGURATION FOR SCHOOLS AND HOSPITALS FLOOR PLAN POTENTIAL PROBLEMS RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] Directional variation in stiffness will enhance damage at intersecting corner. 5 - 7 “H” - Shape

14. TYPICAL CONFIGURATION FOR SCHOOLS AND HOSPITALS FLOOR PLAN POTENTIAL PROBLEMS RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] Asymmetry and directional variation in stiffness will enhance torsion and damage at intersecting. 8 - 10 Complex Floor Plan

15. BUILDING TYPES (with siting and design requirements) • Schools • Hospitals and health care centers, • Nuclear power reactors (very demanding siting, design, and construction requirements)

16. FEATURES THAT AFFECT RESILIENCY • The building/facility “footprint” is local (exposed to all local hazards) • Small number of components that are subject mainly to POINT failures (mainly related to point sensitive types of vulnerabilities).

17. FEATURES THAT AFFECT RESILIENCY (Continued) • Homes are typically covered by a mortgage, which requires fire insurance • Business enterprise and government buildings are usually self-insured.

18. FEATURES THAT AFFECT RESILIENCY (Continued) • Buildings and facilities are interconnected with all the city’s lifeline systems (e.g., power, gas, water, sewage, transportation, communi-cation).

19. WARNING:WE KNOW WHAT CAUSES A BUILDING TO COLLAPSE, OR UNDERGO A LOSS OF FUNCTION, SOIF YOU IGNORE THE LAWS OF PHYSICS, YOU DO SO AT YOUR OWN PERIL

20. WITHOUT PROTECTION (i.e., urban planning, building codes, and special design standards) …. NATURAL DISASTERS CAN, AND USUALLY DO, CAUSE COLLAPSE AND LOSS OF FUNCTION IN A CITY’s BUILDING INVENTORY.

21. BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES CAN COLLAPSE AND LOSE FUNCTION FROM:Flooding

22. CAUSES OF DAMAGE AND DISASTER LOSS OF FUNCTION OF STRUCTURES IN FLOODPLAIN INUNDATION INTERACTION WITH HAZARDOUS MATERIALS STRUCTURAL/CONTENTS DAMAGE FROM WATER FLOODS WATER BORNE DISEASES (HEALTH PROBLEMS) CASE HISTORIES EROSION AND MUDFLOWS CONTAMINATION OF GROUND WATER

23. FLOODING IN NORTH DAKOTA: MARCH-APRIL, 2009

24. NASHVILLE, TN: MAY 2010

25. POLAND: MAY-JUNE 2010

26. POLAND: MAY-JUNE 2010

27. HUNGARY: MAY-JUNE 2010

28. DANUBE RIVER: SOUTHERN GERMANY; JUNE 3, 2010

29. FRANCE:JUNE 2010

30. BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES CAN COLLAPSE AND LOSE FUNCTION FROM:Severe windstorms (tropical storms, hurricanes, cyclones, typhoons and tornadoes),

31. CAUSES OF DAMAGE/DISASTER WIND AND WATER PENETRATE BUILDING ENVELOPE UPLIFT OF ROOF SYSTEM FLYING DEBRIS PENETRATES WINDOWS STORM SURGE AND HEAVY PRECIPITATION SEVERE WINDSTORMS IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN CASE HISTORIES POOR WORKMANSHIP FAILURE OF NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

32. CYLCLONE NARGIS IN MYANMAR: AUGUST, 2008

33. BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES CAN LOSE FUNCTION FROM:Earthquakes (ground shaking, ground failure),

34. CAUSES OF DAMAGE/DISASTER INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING SOIL AMPLIFICATION PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SOIL FAILURE AND SURFACE FAULTING ) IRREGULARITIES IN MASS, STRENGTH, AND STIFFNESS EARTHQUAKES FLOODING FROM TSUNAMI WAVE RUNUP AND SEICHE CASE HISTORIES POOR DETAILING OF STRUCTURALSYSTEM FAILURE OF NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

35. 35 30 25 UNREINFORCED MASONRY, BRICK OR STONE 20 REINFORCED CONCRETE WITH UNREINFORCED WALLS 15 10 REINFORCED CONCRETE WITH REINFORCEDWALLS STEEL FRAME ALL METAL 5 0 V VI VII VIII IX UNREINFORCED MASONRY: THE MOST VULMERABLE CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL MEAN DAMAGE RATIO, % OF REPLACEMENT VALUE INTENSITY

36. TURKEY: UNRE-INFORCED MASONRY BUILDINGS’ 2011

37. UNREINFORCED MASONRY: ICA, PERU: 2009

38. ISLAMABAD, PAKISTAN EARTHQUAKE: OCT 8, 2005

39. PAKISTAN EARTHQUAKE: ISLAMABAD

40. COLLAPSED BUILDINGS: BEICHUAN, CHINA; MAY 2008

41. EARTHQUAKE: CHRISTCHURCH, NEW ZEALAND; 2010

42. DAMAGE: CHRISTCHURCH

43. COLLAPSED MIDDLE SCHOOL: JUYUAN, CHINA; MAY 2008

44. COLLAPSE OF UN BUILDING; PORT AU PRINCE, HAITI; JANUARY 2010

45. HAITI: DEATH TOLL REACHED AN ESTIMATED 230,OOO+

46. BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES CAN LOSE FUNCTION FROM:Landslides (rock falls, spreads, slides, flows)

47. CAUSES OF DAMAGE AND DISASTERS BUILDING ON UNSTABLE SLOPES BUILDING ON SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE TO FALLS BUILDING ON SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE TO TOPPLES BUILDING ON SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE TO SPREADS LANDSLIDES BUILDING ON SOIL AND ROCK SUSCEPTIBLE TO FLOWS CASE HISTORIES SLOPE FAILURE AFTER HEAVY PRECIPITATION SLOPE FAILURE AFTER GROUND SHAKING

48. GUATEMALA: SEPTEMBER 4, 2010

49. TO BECOME DISASTER RESILIENT, A CITY MUST ADOPT AND IMPLEMENT PUBLIC POLICIES THAT PROTECT BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES FROM THE POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS OF FLOODS, SEVERE WINDSTORMS EARTHQUAKES,AND LANDSLIDES

50. RISK ASSESSMENT • VULNERABILITY • EXPOSURE • EVENT • COST • BENEFIT NATURAL HAZARDS EXPECTED LOSS POLICY ADOPTION • CONSEQUENCES POLICY ASSESSMENT PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES IS A STRATEGY THAT LEADS TO DISASTER RESILIENCE