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Chapter 24 The Building of European Supremacy

Chapter 24 The Building of European Supremacy. General information you should know. Population Trends & Migration. 20% of world’s population Europe 1850— 266 million 1900— 401 million 1910— 447 million Birth/Death rates declined or stabilized. Worldview.

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Chapter 24 The Building of European Supremacy

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  1. Chapter 24The Building of European Supremacy General information you should know

  2. Population Trends & Migration • 20% of world’s populationEurope • 1850—266 million • 1900—401 million • 1910—447 million • Birth/Death rates declined or stabilized

  3. Worldview • Stable or slowly growing populations in developed countries vs. large & rapidly growing populations in undeveloped regionsfood & resource crises (Malthus)

  4. Migration & Mobility • People are on the MOVE • Serf emancipation • Cheap land & better wages • Transportation

  5. 1846-1932 • 50 million Europeans  • North America • South America • Australia • Africa

  6. BIG picture • Relieved social & population pressures • Europeanization of the world • European technology & economic superiority

  7. 2nd Industrial Revolution • Heavy industries— Germany, Belgium, France • Steel—Bessemer Process • Internal combustion engines • 1887—Daimler invented automobile •  demand for OIL

  8. Middle Class • Always rising • Increased social distinctions • Suburbs • Housing reform • Women’s issues— more of the same • Political feminism (see poster p.832)

  9. Jewish Emancipation • BIG QUESTION • Where does anti-Semitism come from?

  10. First International • Gathering of socially/economically discontent • Anarchists—those who rebel against any authority, established order, ruling power • Socialists • Polish nationals (why?)

  11. Karl Marx • Main voice of International • Great scientific appeal • Ideas became main brand of socialism • Reform—work WITHIN existing political structures

  12. Paris Commune • Background: Napoleon III (r.1851-1870) • Picked a fight w/ Prussia (sort of) Franco-Prussian War • Disastrous to France • Parisians create own govt “Commune” • Attracted all kinds of radicals—violent • Marx praised as “genuinely proletarian government, suppressed by bourgeoisie”

  13. Okay for the rest of Europe, what about Great Britain?

  14. Great Britain… • Most advanced industrial society • Growing trade unions support Liberal Party • Independent Labour Party—socialist • Growing militancy • Labor strikes—higher wages

  15. …Great Britain… • The FabianSociety • Gradual approach to major social reform • Civil servants • Problems could be solved democratically • “rational wisdom of socialism” (Enlightenment?)

  16. …Great Britain • David Lloyd George —Chancellor of the Exchequer • Broad program of social/labor reform • Labor exchanges • Trade regulation • Textiles • National Insurance Act 1911 • Unemployment & health care

  17. France… • Jaures & Guesde—led 2 main socialist factions • Saw “opportunity” to infiltrate existing political structures (parties & cabinet {advisors}) • Howevercan’t support a government that they will eventually overthrow—main goal

  18. …France… • Unity? PM Waldeck-Rousseau • Appointed Millerand (socialist) to cabinet • 2nd International (1889-Amsterdam) • Ordered French socialists to form own party • Socialist Party—2nd largest group in Chamber of Deputies • However: French labor movement anarchists • Little interest in politics or socialism • Less talk-more action labor strikes to generate unity • Militarily suppressed

  19. Germany… • German Social Democratic Party (SDP)—1875 • Marxist socialism • ÷ reform v. revolution

  20. …Germany… • Bismarck—socialism undermines politics & society • “Gute Deutsche sind nicht Sozialist” • Counterproductive legislation thru’ Reichstag • Bismarck—smart enough to fix a problem

  21. …Germany… • Health insurance • Accident insurance • Old/age disability pensions • Paternalistic alternative

  22. …Germany… • 1st major industrial nation to introduce welfare system—we take care of our own….

  23. …Germany… • Bismarck outlive socialist repression • Erfurt Program 1891 • Declared doom of capitalism • Push socialist ownership of means of production • Not revolutionary but work withIN system • SDP—hostile to German Empire, but will work with it

  24. …Germany • Fabian influence— Eduard Bernstein • “social reform through democratic institutions replaced revolution [towards] human socialist society • August 1914—unify to support war effort

  25. Russia… • Russian socialism reflects political discontent & economic development • Nicholas II 1894-1917 • Stubborn supporter of the right of the emperor

  26. …Russia… • Sergei Witte —finance minister • Planned economic development • Protective tariffs • Gold standard • General efficiency • HEAVY INDUSTRIES • Railroads—iron—steel • Industrialism led to disgruntled peasants

  27. Socialism in Russia… • No representative institutions//small working class • Czar banned political parties •  exiled Russian Social Democratic Party

  28. …Socialism in Russia… • George Plekhanov—Chief Russian Marxist • Chief disciple— Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov • Russia must become industrialized to develop large proletariat revolution

  29. …Socialism in Russia… • Criticized trade unions • Rejected mass democratic party composed of workers • Infiltration by “professionals” in revolutionary movements & government Lenin

  30. …Socialism in Russia • 1903—Russian Social Democratic Party (London) • Lenin forced split • Bolsheviks—majority (organized 1912) • Elite party • Dual social revolution • Mensheviks—minority • Bolsheviks—odd man out in European Socialism

  31. Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905 • Expensive & deadly • Fueled fires of revolution 1905 • Sidebar: Japan emerged as world power

  32. Revolt @ home • January 1905 workers of St. Petersburg carrying banners, icons, and portraits of the czar solemnly marched on the capital with a petition stating their unbearably difficult life. 140,000 people, including women & children, took part in the march. Upon the order of the czar, the marchers were fired upon—over 1,000 were killed, 5,000 injured. • Considered the First Revolution

  33. October Manifesto • Granted certain freedoms to Russian people • Later annulled • Meaningless • Witte out – Stolypin in • Little sympathy for parliamentary govt • Convinced Nicholas to dissolve Duma

  34. Russia • Stolypin • Repress rebellion—execute 700 peasants • Cancel peasants’ redemptive debt • increase individual ownership of lands • Farmers more productive working for selves • Rally property owners to support czar

  35. Russia • Grigory Efimovich Rasputin • Much influence on czar & family (Alexandra) • Widespread distrust of czar’s policies after 1911

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