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EMPHYSEMA

EMPHYSEMA. BY: Ms. Santoshi Naik Assistant Professor Yenepoya Pharmacy College & Research Centre. EMPHYSEMA?? Emphysema is a lung disorder involving damage to air sacs (alveoli)

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EMPHYSEMA

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  1. EMPHYSEMA BY: Ms. SantoshiNaik Assistant Professor Yenepoya Pharmacy College & Research Centre

  2. EMPHYSEMA?? Emphysema is a lung disorder involving damage to air sacs (alveoli) Emphysema iscombination of permanent dilatation of alveoli distal to the terminal bronchioles and the destruction of the walls of dilated alveoli & capillary blood vessels that run within them

  3. In the alveoli of lungs the exchange of gases (oxygen & carbon dioxide) between the air & blood takes place. • In Emphysema because of alveolar destruction the total area within the lung reduces thus limiting the exchange of gases.

  4. Etiology/ Etiopathogenesis/ Causes of Emphysema SMOKING GENETIC PREDISPOSITION AGING

  5. Smoking • Main cause of Emphysema • Mechanism: smoking activates inflammatory cells in the lung that causes: dilatation within alveoliand activation of protease enzyme whichattacks and destroys lung tissue (the alveolar wall structures).

  6. 2) Genetic predisposition • Relatively rare condition to cause Emphysema. • The genetic deficiency of α-1 antitrypsin or α-1 protease inhibitor deficiency that protects the lung from damage by proteases. 3) Aging As the lungs get older the elastic properties decreases leading to emphysema.

  7. Classification of Emphysema

  8. Centriacinar (Centrilobular) Emphysema • It is characterised by dilatation of respiratory bronchioles i.e. the central or proximal part of the acinus (region of the lung supplied with air from terminal bronchioles). • This type of Emphysema occurs predominantly in smokers & in coal miners.

  9. 2) Panacinar (Panlobular) Emphysema • It is characterised by dilatation from respiratory bronchioles to the terminal alveoli. • It occurs in the lower lobes of the lungs • It occurs in individuals with α-1 antitrypsin deficiency

  10. 3) Paraseptal (Distal acinar) Emphysema • It is characterized by dilatation of distal part of acinus while the proximal part is normal. • It occurs predominantly in association with Pneumothorax (abnormal collection of air between the lungs & chest wall i.e.. Thorax).

  11. 4) Irregular Emphysema • Most common form of Emphysema • It is seen around the scars resulting from any cause. • Irregular emphysema is often asymptomatic.

  12. Clinical features of Emphysema • Barrel like appearance of the chest • Long & narrow heart • Bluish discolouration of lips & nails • Wheezing • Exhalation becomes more prolonged than inhalation • Depressed or flattened diaphragm

  13. Symptoms of Emphysema • Coughing with or without mucus • Dyspnoea (shortness of breath) • Fatigue • Wheezing • Lethargy or difficulty concentrating • Difficulty sleeping

  14. Diagnosis of Emphysema • Oximetry – determines oxygen content in blood by measuring the amount of brighter red colouration of blood. • Pulmonary function test • Chest X-Ray 4) Blood test – CBC (Complete Blood Cell Count) to check for increase in blood cell count. In emphysema the blood cell count increases because less oxygen in the blood so body produces more blood cells to deliver sufficient oxygen.

  15. Treatment of Emphysema • Stop smoking • Bronchodilators – to dilate airway passages • Antibiotics – for treating bacterial, viral infections • Oxygen therapy • Anti – inflammatory medication • Pulmonary rehabilitation – exerscise

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