Islamic Expansion: The Rise and Spread of the Caliphates

1. Islam Expands Chapter 10 Section 2

2. Caliph • Umayyads • Shi’a • Sunni • Sufi • Abbasids • Al-Andulas • Fatimid Key Terms

3. Muhammad had not named a successor • Abu-Baker loyal friend • Caliph- means successor or deputy Muhammad’s Successors Spread Islam

4. Umar, Uthman, and Ali all had know Muhammad • Rule was called caliphate • Jihad-striving against evil • Encouraged and justified expansion Right Guided Caliphs

5. 634 AD Muslim state controlled Arabia • Umar second caliph conquered Syria and Egypt • Uthman and Ali expanded territory from Atlantic ocean to Indus River Right Guided Caliphs

6. Muhammad had expressed desire to spread Islam • Victories a sign of Allah’s support • Gave energy and inspiration • Willing to struggle Reasons for Success

7. Muslim armies well trained and disciplined • Weakness in other empires • Persecuted people often welcomed invaders • Attracted to message of equality and hope Reasons for Success

8. Muslims allowed conquered people to keep their religions • Christians and Jews paid a poll tax in exchange for exception of military duties • Subject to various restriction • Could not spread religion but could be officials and scholars Treatment of Conquered People

9. 656 Uthman murdered • Ali rightful ruler • Challenged by Muyawiya governor of Syria • Ali was assassinated • Umayyads-family that came to power Internal Conflict Creates Crisis

10. Moved Muslim capitol to Damascus • Made controlling conquered territories easier • Surrounded themselves with wealth and ceremony • Started a split Internal Conflict and Crisis

11. Majority of Muslims adopted Umayyads rule • Shi’a- party of Ali • Caliph needed to be a descendant of Muhammad • Sunni- Umayyads became know as followers of Muhammad’s example • Sufi-life of poverty and devotion Sunni- Shi’a Split

12. Abbasid came to power in 750 • Murders the Umayyad family • Abh al-Rahmanb escaped to Spain • Set up Umayyad caliphate Control Extends Over Three Continents

13. Moved capitol to Baghdad • Key route gave caliphs access to trade good • Developed strong bureracracy • Treasury kept track of money flows • Special department managed the army Abbasids Consolidate Power

14. Abbasids taxed land, imports and exports, and non-Muslim wealth • Rival groups divide Muslim lands • 1258 Fatimid caliphate was formed • Desecendant from Muhammad’s daughter Fatima Rival Groups Divide Muslim Lands

15. Started in Africa and spread to the Red Sea • Muslim trade network • Engaged in sea trade with the world • Land connected China, India, Europe and Africa • Merchants needed a single language • Single currency Muslim Trade Networks

16. Muslims set up banks in cities (money changers) • Offered letters of credit (sakks) • Could exchange it for cash in any other city • Europe pronounced it as check Muslim Trade Networks

17. Cordoba-10 century had a population of 200,000 • Paris had 38,000 • City attracted, poets, philosophers, and scientists • Cordoba, Damascus, Cairo and Baghdad fueled period of immense achievements in the arts and sciences Muslim Trade Networks