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INTRODUCTION TO THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

INTRODUCTION TO THE SKELETAL SYSTEM. Histology of Bone Tissue Bone Function and Structure Bone Growth & Development Joints The Axial Skeleton The Pectoral Girdle The Upper Limbs The Pelvic Girdle The Lower Limbs. oVERVIEW. 22 bones in skull 6 in middle ears 1 hyoid bone

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INTRODUCTION TO THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

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  1. INTRODUCTION TO THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

  2. Histology of Bone Tissue Bone Function and Structure Bone Growth & Development Joints The Axial Skeleton The Pectoral Girdle The Upper Limbs The Pelvic Girdle The Lower Limbs oVERVIEW

  3. 22 bones in skull 6 in middle ears 1 hyoid bone 26 in vertebral column 25 in thoracic cage 4 in pectoral girdle 60 in upper limbs 60 in lower limbs 2 in pelvic girdle 206 bones in all Some Numbers…

  4. Groups of 2 List which bones each of you have broken in your body on a sheet of paper We will go through the Powerpoint…the end of the activity will be afterward BY THE WAY, THIS POWERPOINT WILL BE POSTED ON THE CLASS WEBSITE: http://bushelman-hap.wikispaces.com/ , SO PLEASE DO NOT ASK FOR ME TO SLOW DOWN OR WAIT ON THE SLIDES, BECAUSE I WILL NOT. Activity – Broken Bones

  5. Fetal Skeleton Bone Growth & Development 275 bones 12 weeks (6-9 inches long)

  6. Prenatal development • skeleton is mostly cartilaginous • Cartilage cells and then osteoblasts start to deposit minerals • Cartilaginous disk (epiphyseal disk) remains in epiphysis • Cells eventually stop dividing Bone Growth & Development

  7. Bone Growth & Development

  8. Fetal Skull

  9. Adults continually break down and build up bone Osteoclasts remove damaged cells and release calcium into blood Osteoblasts remove calcium from blood and build new matrix. They become trapped osteoclasts Bone Growth & Development

  10. Simple- skin is not pierced Compound- skin is pierced Complete- bone is broken in half Partial- broken lengthwise but not into two parts Greenstick- incomplete break on outer arc Comminuted- broken into several pieces Spiral- twisted Broken Bones - Types of bone breaks

  11. Types of bone breaks Simple- skin is not pierced Compound- skin is pierced Complete- bone is broken in half Partial- broken lengthwise but not into two parts Greenstick- incomplete break on outer arc Comminuted- broken into several pieces Spiral- twisted Broken Bones

  12. Hematoma- blood clot in space between edges of break Fibrocartilage callus- begins tissue repair Bony callus- osteoblasts produce trabeculae (structural support) of spongy bone and replace fibrocartilage Remodeling- osteoblasts build new compact bone, osteoclasts build new medullary cavity Broken Bones – Fracture Repair

  13. Broken Bones – Fracture Repair

  14. 1. Electrical stimulation of the fracture site: • Increases speed and completeness of healing • The e- stimulation inhibits PTH and slow osteoclasts down from reabsorbing bone 2. Ultrasound treatment: • Daily treatments reduce healing time of broken bones by 25-35% 3. Free vascular fibular graft technique: • Transplant fibula in arm • Gives good blood supply not available in other treatments 4. Bone substitutes: • Crushed bone from cadaver- but risk of HIV and hepatitis • Sea bone- coral • Artificial bone- ceramic Broken Bones – Treatments

  15. Osteoporosis: • bone reabsorption happens faster than bone deposit; • bones become lighter and fracture easier • Factors: • age, gender (more in women) • estrogen and testosterone decrease • insufficient exercise (or too much) • diet poor in Ca++ and protein • abnormal vitamin D receptors • Smoking • Caucasian or Asian ethnicity Diseases of the Skeletal System

  16. Rickets- vitamin D deficiency Osteomalacia- soft bones, inadequate mineralization in bones, lack of vitamin D Pagets Disease- spotty weakening in the bones, excessive and abnormal bone remodeling Rheumatoid arthritis- autoimmune reaction Diseases of the Skeletal System

  17. Growth hormone regulates skeletal growth: • stimulates cell division in epiphyseal disks in long bones • Growth stops when epiphyseal disks are converted to bone • When excess growth hormone is produced in childhoodgigantism • In adulthood, bones can’t grow but soft tissue (cartilage) can  acromegaly Diseases of the Skeletal System

  18. Groups of 2 List which bones each of you have broken in your body on a sheet of paper We will go through the Powerpoint…the end of the activity will be afterward Using the information on the slide about types of bone breaks, list what types of breaks you know (or think) that you had…You have 3 minutes to do so! WINNERS?!?! Activity – Broken Bones

  19. Histology of Bone Tissue Bone Function and Structure Bone Growth & Development Joints The Axial Skeleton The Pectoral Girdle The Upper Limbs The Pelvic Girdle The Lower Limbs oVERVIEW

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