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CHAPTER 14: THE REFORMATION

CHAPTER 14: THE REFORMATION. LESSON 1: TROUBLE FOR THE CATHOLIC CHURCH. MAIN IDEAS. The Catholic Church was weakened by internal conflict. People began to question and speak out against some Church practices. Reformation begins as a result of Martin Luther’s Ninety-Five Theses.

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CHAPTER 14: THE REFORMATION

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  1. CHAPTER 14: THE REFORMATION • LESSON 1: TROUBLE FOR THE CATHOLIC CHURCH

  2. MAIN IDEAS • The Catholic Church was weakened by internal conflict. • People began to question and speak out against some Church practices. • Reformation begins as a result of Martin Luther’s Ninety-Five Theses.

  3. THE GREAT SCHISMEQ: How did internal differences weaken the Church? • FRENCH POPES • • In the 1300s, growth of nation-states weakened Church’s power. Powerful monarchs forced the Church to support their policies • • Clement V Pope in 1305; Philip IV moved papacy to France • • The popes who led the Church after Clement V were French. European leaders felt the French king controlled the pope

  4. Pisa Avignon Rome

  5. THE GREAT SCHISMRQ: How did the Great Schism weaken the Church? • A STRUGGLE FOR POWER • • Two power centers developed: Rome, Italy and Avignon, France • • Great Schism—1378 split between the two sides; each elected own pope. Each pope demanded obedience, excommunicated other pope’s followers • HEALING THE CHURCH • • Holy Roman Emperor held conference to end the schism and reform Church. Emperor was Roman Catholic & ruled much of Central Europe. • • In 1417, conference removed all popes; agreed to elect Pope Martin V

  6. CRITICISM OF THE CHURCHEQ: Why did people begin to question some Church practices? • A CORRUPT CHURCH • • As Church healed after schism, reforms faltered, distrust grew • •Church owned 1/5 to 1/3 of European land; Church paid no land taxes • • Reformers objected to buying indulgences —pardons for sins; objected to Church’s excesses

  7. Leo X (de’ Medici) Cardinal @ age 13; Pope @ age 38; "Let us enjoy the papacy since God has given it to us.” St. Peter’s would keep the papacy in Rome. "In the authority of all the saints, and in compassion towards thee, I absolve thee from all sins and misdeeds, and remit all punishment for ten days.”Johannes Tietzel

  8. CRITICISM OF THE CHURCHRQ: What sort of reforms did critics of the Church demand from the 1300s through the 1500s? • REFORMERS TAKE A STAND • Reformers such as Erasmus (Holland), Hus (Czech), Wycliffe (England), Savanarola (Italy) criticized Church practices & neglect of focus on Christian values • Reformers questioned pope’s taxes, simony (selling positions in the church for money), etc. • Church criticized & executed reformers

  9. John Hus Read the Word! 1369-1415 John Wycliffe English Bible 1320-1384 Erasmus Let’s Get Along! 1466-1536 Girolamo Savonarola 1452-1498

  10. LUTHER CONFRONTS THE CHURCHEQ: Who is credited with beginning the Reformation? • MARTIN LUTHER • Ideas of German born Martin Luther led the reform movement • Luther was nearly struck by lightning as a young man; vowed to become a monk, tried to live by Church instruction • Envisioned a merciful God rather than an angry, vengeful God • Believed salvation only came through faith in Christ

  11. Erfurt University 1501-7 Born 1483 Lightning 1505 Wittenberg University 1512-46 Scala Sancta in Rome 1511 Erfurt Monastery 1505-11

  12. F I V E S O L A S

  13. LUTHER CONFRONTS THE CHURCHRQ: What were important ideas from the Reformation? • LUTHER’S NINETY-FIVE THESES • Luther wrote his issues with the Church in Ninety-Five Theses (1517) and wanted to debate ideas such as selling of indulgences • Bible is source of religious truth; clergy interpretation not needed • Salvation can be gained only through faith in Christ • Protestant—Christian “protestors” who broke with Church after 1529 • Reformation—Protestant movement of opposition to Catholic Church

  14. The first 2 of the theses contained Luther’s central idea, that God intended believers to seek repentance and that faith alone, and not deeds, would lead to salvation. The other 93 theses, a number of them directly criticizing the practice of indulgences, supported these first two.

  15. LESSON SUMMARY & SO WHAT • LESSON SUMMARY • The Great Schism weakened an already divided Church. • From the 14th through the 16th centuries, many Christians were troubled by the way the Church earned and spent its income. • At the beginning of the 16th century, Martin Luther unintentionally became the leader of a revolutionary attack on the Roman Catholic Church. • WHY IT MATTERS NOW . . . • Competition between Catholics and Protestants in Europe caused each to try and spread their version of Christianity throughout the world. Today, Catholics and Protestants are found on every continent.

  16. CH. 14: THE REFORMATION • Lesson 2 Reform and Reaction

  17. MAIN IDEAS • The spread of Luther’s ideas changed European politics. • Different Protestant movements developed quickly throughout Europe. • The Catholic Church developed new ways to spread its message and counter the spread of Protestantism.

  18. LUTHER’S IDEAS SPREADEQ: What were some of the results of Luther’s ideas? • THE PRINTED WORD • Luther’s ideas spread by trade routes, priests, worshipers, and printing • Printers began making Bibles in local languages (not just Latin) • More people read, interpreted Bible; Catholic Church felt religious teaching must be from clergy

  19. 1500The first Spanish Bible. 1501        Index Librorum Prohibitorum, the Papal Bull of Pope Alexander VI is published, being the firstcensorship list of printed books. 1506        Jacobus Sacon of Lyons, France prints his first edition of the Latin Bible. 1512        Epistles and Gospels published in Spanish by Ambrose de Montesian. 1514 -18        First Polyglot Bible, Cardinal Ximenes' Complutensian Polyglot;  Printed at Alcala de Henares byDe Brocar;  contains only noble style of Greek employed between the invention of printing andrecent times; contains first Hebrew Bible published by Christians, and first separately printedGreek New Testament. 1515         Latin translation 'after the Hebrew' of the Psalter by Felix Pratensis.  (additional info courtesy Dick Wursten of Antwerp, Belgium) 1516         First Polyglot portion of Bible, the Genoa Psalterium (Book of Psalms) 1516          Desiderius Erasmus' (1466-1536) first Greek New Testament.  Printed and published by Froben inBasel; said to have had greater influence on Tyndale than either the Vulgate or Luther. 1517        First Biblia Rabbinica (Venice), printed by Daniel Bomberg, and included the Targum and other traditional explanations. 1518        First separate complete Greek Bible, printed and published in Venice by Aldus Manutius, being the Greek text of the Septuagint, translated by Erasmus. 1522        Latin Paraphrase New Testament (Erasmus) 1522        First Dutch New Testament 1522        Wolff's  Bibliorum 1522        First German New Testament of Martin Luther (Wittenberg) 1524        First Danish New Testament - published in Leipzig, Germany. Translated by Hans Mikkelsen (former mayor of Malmo, Denmark) and Dr. Kristian Winther, from the Vulgate and Luther's German translation; both Mikkelsen and Winther were allies of exiled Danish King Christian II. Mikkelsen's preface defends the King and attacks his foes, which caused the book to be banned in Denmark; later copies omitted the preface and were sent to Denmark, becoming popular; critics of this poorly translated work called it "neither German nor Danish." 1525        In Cologne, Germany, William Tyndale completes the New Testament, translated directly from the Greek into English;  Printed by PeterQuentell in 4to (Quarto), and finished in 8vo (Octavo) at Worms office of Schoeffer;  of 6000 copiesprinted,  3 copies exist of the original octavo edition (one at Baptist College, Bristol; one at St. Paul's, London; and the third ?);  a mere fragment (31 leaves) of the quarto edition survives in theBritish Museum;  there were 40 reprinted editions before 1566.This is the first printed book to be officially banned in England. 1526        First complete Dutch Bible 1526       First Edition of the First complete Swedish translation of the New Testament by Olaus Petri, the great reformer of the Church of Sweden, assisted by Archdeacon and fellow-reformer Laurentius Andreae; translation made from the edited Greek text of Erasmus and Luther's German translation of 1522; printed on the King's Royal printing press in Stockholm, bearing the Swedish national coat-of-arms on the last page of text, and dated MDXXVI, with no translator's name given; by the 1930's only six copies were known to exist. 1526       First separate Latin Septuagint (the oldest translation from Hebrew to Greek of the Old Testament) 1528        First Latin Bible of modern times - translated from the original languages by the Dominican,Sanctus Pagninus, under Papal authority 1528        Robert Stephen's First Latin Bible 1529        First Swiss-German Bible.  The Zurich Bible, a collective effort by Leo Juda and Ulrich Zwingli 1530        The English Parliament declares Henry VIII "ecclesiastically supreme" and he becomes "Protectorand Supreme Head of the English Church"

  20. LUTHER’S IDEAS SPREADEQ: What were some of the results of Luther’s ideas? • THE PEASANTS’ REVOLTS • Peasants sought better pay, living conditions, rights • Peasants saw Luther’s challenge as anti-authority and rebelled • Luther condemned these revolts, which were mostly unsuccessful

  21. http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/the-reformations-impact-on-germany.html#lessonhttp://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/the-reformations-impact-on-germany.html#lesson

  22. LUTHER’S IDEAS SPREADRQ: Why did religious division have such a dramatic political impact? • RELIGIOUS WARS • Holy Roman Emperor Charles V made Luther an outlaw in 1521 • Many Lutheran princes waged war on Charles V • Lutheran, Catholic princes signed Peace of Augsburg treaty in 1555

  23. Lived 1500-1558 - Holy Roman emperor (as Charles V,1519–56), king of Spain (as Charles I, 1516–56), and archduke of Austria (as Charles I, 1519–21)

  24. Matthäus Schwarz, (1497-1574) accountant from Augsburg, Germany, who recorded his clothes in Book of Clothes, wore this to a reception for Charles V.

  25. THE REFORMATION GROWSEQ: What were some of the different Protestant movements that developed throughout Europe? • CALVINISM • John Calvin (1509-1564) French lawyer, theologian; wrote Institutes & Commentaries • Established Geneva Switzerland as a center of the Reformation • Geneva Bible (1560 / English) became the Bible of the Reformation and the Bible the pilgrims brought to America

  26. THE REFORMATION GROWSRQ: How did the Reformation affect England? • THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND • Reformation in England began when King Henry VIII wanted a divorce. Pope Clement VII refused and Henry left the Roman Catholic Church • Henry founded the Church of England (Anglican Church); kept Catholic traditions but rejected power of pope • William Tyndale (1494-1536) First to translate NT into English in 1526; executed

  27. H E N R Y 8th T y n d a l e

  28. THE COUNTER REFORMATIONEQ: What was the Counter Reformation? • THE COUNCIL OF TRENT • High-level Church officials met (1545-1563) to reform and define Catholic faith • Protestants: truth only in Bible; Council: truth in Church tradition too • THE JESUITS • Jesuits—Society of Jesus; religious order formed in 1530s by St. Ignatius of Loyola (Spain); focus on education; training was military-like

  29. Ἰησοῦς Χριστός ἸΗΣΟΥ͂Σ ΧΡΙΣΤΌΣ

  30. THE COUNTER REFORMATIONRQ: What tools did the Catholic Church use against the spread of Protestantism? • THE INQUISITION • Inquisition—court investigated any who “wandered” from Catholicism; being a Protestant was a punishable sin • Tactics? Tell the accused that the stake awaited him if he would not confess; Solitary confinement, possibly emphasized by limiting food; “Friendly” persuasive visits by men who previously confessed; Torture • Church identified and burned forbidden books like Protestant Bible

  31. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sAn7baRbhx4&feature=player_embeddedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sAn7baRbhx4&feature=player_embedded

  32. LESSON SUMMARY & SO WHAT • LESSON SUMMARY • Printing in local languages helped spread Luther’s ideas. These ideas sparked revolts and wars. • New faiths emerged during the 16th century, as people began to interpret the Bible in different ways. • The Counter Reformation was a movement of internal renewal as well as a response to the spread of Protestantism. • WHY IT MATTERS NOW . . . • Both Protestant and Catholic churches have widespread influence throughout the world today.

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