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The Protestant Reformation Chapter 14. Corruption in the Catholic Church. A. simony : sale of church offices Reformers were outraged that unqualified people would become bishops or cardinals. B. pluralism : an official holding more than one office at a time
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Corruption in the Catholic Church A. simony: sale of church offices Reformers were outraged that unqualified people would become bishops or cardinals. B. pluralism: an official holding more than one office at a time C. absenteeism: an official not participating in benefices but receiving payment and privileges D. sale of indulgences: people paying money to the Church to absolve their sins or sins of their loved E. nepotism: favoring family members in the appointment of Church offices
Critics of the Church • Wanted to stress relationship with god was the most important John Wyclif (1329-1384), England • Stated that the Bible was the sole authority • Stressed personal communion with God. • Diminished importance of sacraments. • His followers—Lollards—continued his ideas into the 16th century.
Critics of the Church.. Cont… John Hus (1369-1415), Czech • Ideas were similar to Wyclif • Religious leader in Bohemia • He was burned at the stake for his views • Brethren of the Common Life: Thomas à Kempis (1380-1471), The Imitation of Christ (c. 1418) Eramus: In Praise of Folly (1513) • Criticized the corruption in the church and the hypocrisy of the clergy • A contemporary remarked that “Erasmus laid the egg that Luther hatched.”
FAITH • Justification by Faith Alone Romans 1:17 • Tetzel 1465 -1519 • “Every time a coffer rings, a soul from purgatory springs” • Leads to 95 Theses
95 Theses, Oct 31, 1517 • Luther criticized the selling of indulgences but went further than others before him by questioning the scriptural authority of the pope to grant indulgences.
Selections from “95 Theses” 21. …Those indulgence preachers are in error who say that a man is absolved from every penalty and saved by papal indulgences. 23. If remission of all penalties whatsoever could be granted to anyone at all, certainly it would be granted only to the most perfect, that is, to very few. 27. They preach only human doctrines who say that as soon as the money clinks into the money chest, the soul flies out of purgatory. 36. Any truly repentant Christian has a right to full remission of penalty and guilt, even without indulgence letters. 43. Christians are to be taught that he who gives to the poor or lends to the needy does a better deed than he who buys indulgences.
Luther … • Diet of Worms 1521 • “Here I stand . I cannot do otherwise.” • Fredrick the Wise… hides • 1522 Acceptance of Luther's Reforms • Faith alone • 2 sacraments instead of 7 • Transubstantiation • Priests should marry • No monastery's • Less formal • Translation of bible
Luther and his immediate effects • Peasant revolts 1524 • Luther sided with princes • Diet of Augsburg 1530 • Presented statement of faith Confession of Augsburg . • Peace of Augsburg 1555 • SchmalkaldicLeauge (1531) – An alliance of military and religious against the Hapsburgs • 1546-1555 German Civil war • The Peace gave each German Prince the Right to Choose his states religion.
Ulrich Zwingli • Waits until Luther speaks out • Sacraments merely a reminder and communal celebration • Absorbed by Calvin
Anabaptist • Broke from Zwingli in 1525 • Baptism only if adults accept- adults with deliberate choice • Extreme simplicity, pacifism, and strict personal morality • Anabaptist practices obligatory, private property abolished, polygamy (old testament) • Anabaptist extremists take control of Münster in 1534 • Declare a new Jerusalem new order and justice • Besieged- captured and tortured- Persecution- become Mennonite sect
John Calvin John Calvin (1509-1564) • Flees from France to Switzerland • Institutes- Protestant version of Summa Theologica- Aquinas • Omnipotence of God, Humans link to sin • Some predestined to Heaven, some damned to Hell- Nothing that we can do about it • Signs- desire to live right, member of reformed church, instruments of God, avoid sin not for salvation but offensive to God
Luther vs. Calvin Luther Calvin fiery, reacts cool, analytical humans need to endure master by unceasing labor more legalistic- no worldliness on Sabbath and avoid minor self-indulgences breaks with hierarchy maintains- District Superintendents retains features- altars, music, vestments hates if smacks of Popery- simplicity- sermon key not Eucharist Both believe congregation should elect ministers, assemblies of ministers and “elders”
Geneva • Theocracy- monitored people’s behavior • 1st 4 years- 58 executions in a pop. of 16 thousand • while seems ludicrous now seen as a beacon of light • creates missionary efforts- Scotland (Presbyterians), Holland (Dutch Reformed Church), England (Puritans- Church of England), France (Huguenots)
Domestication of the Reformation (1525-1560) Social upheaval unanticipated- 1525 on more conservative Protestantism and the Family • marriage not ethically inferior to celibacy. • Father head of School of Godliness • Virgin Mary vs. Protestant “Goodwife” • Tension between piety and sex- now holiness of marital sexuality • Women still seen as sexually driven best way to control marriage since celibacy impossible Protestantism and Control over Marriage • Medieval Catholic Church- sacrament that did not require priest- Just free consent of two people • Luther sees marriage as a secular matter- therefore can be regulated by Gov’t • However, all major religions begin to ratchet up control over children’s marriage
Changes in the Status of Womennot a conscious effort but did contribute to greater freedom and equality for women 1. Marriage Law: • Emphasis on parental consent and public recognition of the marriage. Permission for divorce and remarriage 2. Public Education: • “Priesthood of all Believers” all Christian should be able to read the Bible and other religious literature. • before the Reformation, for boys, NOT FOR GIRLS. • Reformation (Geneva)- Girls and boys studied reading, arithmetic, catechism and writing. • Protestant women, literacy became power. • strong rulers such as Queen Elizabeth I • The idea of women’s education had been hot in the Humanist circles, but only in the upper classes. With the Reformation, this idea is extended to the middle and lower classes (more in theory than in practice, of course.) 3. Church life: • No convents, so women lost a visible, official role in the church • New role: the pastor’s wife. She ran the household, often including the theological students as well.
