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War of 1812

War of 1812. Or the Second American Revolution. Events Leading to War. Revolutionary France and Britain at war: Fr imposes Continental System: isolate Br. 1806 British Orders in Council: US ships could not land in Europe unless they first stopped in Britain

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War of 1812

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  1. War of 1812 Or the Second American Revolution

  2. Events Leading to War • Revolutionary France and Britain at war: • Fr imposes Continental System: isolate Br. • 1806 British Orders in Council: US ships could not land in Europe unless they first stopped in Britain • Fr responds: seize any ship that lands in Europe after having first landed in Br • US ships caught between belligerents

  3. Chesapeake 1807 US ship approached by Br warship to check for deserters, Chesapeake refuses and is fired upon. In the end surrenders and four men are taken. Impressment US sailors would be seized by Br navy and forced to join, sometimes deserters and sometimes Americans Events Leading to War: Before 1809

  4. Events leading to war: Domestic Policies • 1807 Embargo Act to prevent US ships from sailing from US to European ports. Failed • 1809 Jefferson’s embargo repealed; 1809 Non-Intercourse Act • New law: US would resume trade when Britain or France repealed decrees against American commerce • Tentative agreement reached with Br; but Br withdrew, raising US suspicions

  5. 1810 Macon’s Bill No. 2 and Foreign Policy • Congress abandons 1809 Non-Intercourse Act spirit • US ships can now trade with both Britain and France • US shipping escalates with Britain • But first country to recognize US neutrality would be rewarded with US not trading with the other country

  6. Napoleon • By 1811 most of Europe under Napoleon’s control except Br • Napoleon wants to strangle Br with Continental System (no trade) Only US and Russia still trade with Br

  7. 1811 • Napoleon agrees to recognize US neutrality • Madison waits three months for Br action, but Br responds too slowly • US under Macons’ Bill switches to Fr side, joining Continental System, isolating Br • France continues to raid US shipping but Madison holds to agreement • Winter of 1811-1812 brings suffering in Br

  8. 1812 • 16 June: Br rescinds Orders in Council, now recognizes US neutrality, but too late • 18 June: US declares war on Br (slow communications)

  9. Madison Asks for Declaration of War • Four reasons: • Impressment, • Br Orders in Council against US neutral trade • Br ships in US waters a violation, the most significant • Br declared US ports blockaded when they were not (to discourage other countries from trading with US)

  10. How Congress Voted • New England against war though their interests were most connected to free use of seas • Inland states like Vermont, backcountry Congressmen, and South vote for though little connection to Atlantic • 25% of Republicans abstain from vote

  11. War of 1812 Map

  12. War and Federalists • Federalists thought US should fight France who continued to harass US shipping • Indian threat to New England over • Merchants and shippers generally against war with Br who was a strong trade partner

  13. War and Republicans • War Hawks (Republicans) wanted to fight Br • End Indian threat from the west • Open more land to expansion by taking Canada • Jefferson felt that humane Indian policy would remove the tribes west of the Mississippi • Carolinas and Georgia believe this plan will work against the Creek Indians and Spanish Florida (Spanish government under Ferdinand VII a Br ally, Sp. Government under Napoleon a Fr ally )

  14. Spanish control appears to be in decline Between 1810 and 1812, Western Florida slowly claimed by US as extension of Louisiana Louisiana statehood in 1812 Spanish Florida

  15. The End

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