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Motivation and Emotion

Motivation and Emotion. Chapter 6. Biological Motives. The Biology of Motivation Drive Reduction Theory. The Biology of Motivation. Homeostasis the tendency of all organisms to correct imbalances and deviations from their normal state. Hunger Lateral Hypothalamus (LH)

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Motivation and Emotion

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  1. Motivation and Emotion Chapter 6

  2. Biological Motives • The Biology of Motivation • Drive Reduction Theory

  3. The Biology of Motivation • Homeostasis • the tendency of all organisms to correct imbalances and deviations from their normal state

  4. Hunger • Lateral Hypothalamus (LH) • when stimulated animals begin eating • if removed animals stop eating and starve to death

  5. “go” signal • Ventromedial Hypothalamus (VMH) • when stimulated animals slow or stop eating • if removed animals eat everything

  6. “stop” signal • Affected by temperatures • LH by cold • VMH by warm

  7. Glucostatic Theory • Hypothalamus monitors glucose in the blood

  8. Pancreas • insulin- calories to energy • glucogon- converts stored energy back to useful energy • Set point- day to day weight

  9. Obesity • Stanley Schachter • Obese people respond to external cues • “Taste Test” • crackers and almonds

  10. Overweight people respond to external cues • Normal weight people respond to internal cues • Anxiety and depression are not a cause of overeating • occur just as frequently

  11. Drive Reduction Theory • Clark Hull • Physiological needs drive an organism to act in either random or habitual ways until its needs are satisfied • All human motives are extensions of basic biological needs

  12. Harry Harlow • Some experiences are inherently pleasurable but don’t reduce biological drives • Drive for stimulation as plausible as a drive to reduce stimulation

  13. Social Motives • Measuring the Need for Achievement • Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

  14. Social Motives • Henry Murray • Theory of personality includes 16 basic needs • Mostly social motives rather than biological needs

  15. Measuring the Need for Achievement • David McClelland • Interested in finding a quantitative way of measuring social motives

  16. Thematic Appercetion Test (TAT) • series of pictures • stories made up for pictures • coded for themes and scored according to relevance to various types of needs

  17. coders agree 90% of the time • 1947 test group • more entrepreneurs scored high than nonentrepreneurs

  18. Fear of Success • Marina Horner • Tested 89 men and 90 women • “After first term finals, John/Anne finds himself at the top of his medical school class”

  19. Men- 90% wrote success stories • Women- 65% predicted doom for Anne • Identified a motive to avoid success • Female success was odd and unfeminine

  20. Could mean failure as a woman if successful in a traditionally male field • Later research • hard to define success • seen in males and females • 45% of men and 49% of women

  21. Other Theories • Expectancy-value Theory • likelihood of success • what the goal is worth to you

  22. Competency Theory • to prove and improve our competency we choose moderately difficult tasks where both successes and failures may be instructive

  23. ring-toss game

  24. Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation

  25. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs • Fundamental Needs • biological drives, safety, security • Psychological Needs • belong and receive love, acquire self-esteem through competence and achievement

  26. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs • Self-actualization Needs • pursuit of knowledge and beauty, realization of one’s unique potential • Research does not support that one need must be satisfied before another can be

  27. Emotion • Expressing Emotions: Innate and Learned Behavior • Physiological Theories • Cognitive Theories

  28. Emotion • Difference in biological drives and emotions • both involve changes in physiological state • source of behavior or feelings involved with behavior • May drive us to act • May serve as incentive for action

  29. Expressing Emotions: Innate and Learned Behavior • Ekman and Friesen • photo study to recognize facial expressions • Facial expressions are innate • Blind/Deaf children • laugh, pout, frown, clench fists

  30. Carroll Izard • coding system for assessing emotional states in people • 10 different states • used to study expressions in infants

  31. James Averill • can’t separate thoughts and actions from experience of emotions • from social expectations or consequences • Differences among cultures

  32. Physiological Theories • William James • we associate feelings with energy, tension, relaxation, and sensations in our stomach • James-Lange Theory • Cannon-Bard Theory

  33. James-Lange Theory • Use emotion to describe our “gut” reactions to the things that take place around us • Emotions are the perceptions of certain bodily changes • Izzard and feedback from facial muscles

  34. Cannon-Bard Theory • Evidence against James-Lange • physiological changes occur when people are not experiencing emotions • injecting a drug does not change emotions though it changes physical properties

  35. Cannon-Bard Theory • Internal state of body changes slowly, not like the “rush” of emotions we sometimes get

  36. Cannon-Bard Theory • Cannon called the thalamus the seat of emotion • Theory says certain experiences activate the thalamus, and it sends signals simultaneously to the body and the brain

  37. Cognitive Theories • Bodily changes and thinking work together to produce emotions • Feelings depend on how you interpret your symptoms

  38. Cognitive Theories • The Schachter-Singer Experiment • Opponent-Process Theory • Lie Detection

  39. The Schachter-Singer Experiment • Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer • “Testing the effects of vitamin C on eyesight” • Adrenalin injection • Four Groups

  40. Informed Group- truth (hearts race and bodies tremble) • Misinformed Group- make numb • Uninformed Group- not told anything • Control Group- received neutral injection without symptoms and told nothing

  41. Taken to waiting room • Accomplice • wild and crazy • with offensive questionnaire became more and more angry

  42. Results • groups 1 and 4 watched with mild amusement • groups 2 and 3 joined in with the accomplice • Internal components of emotion affect a person differently depending on perception of the social situation

  43. Opponent-Process Theory • Homeostatic theory of emotional reactions • Richard Solomon and John Corbit • Any intense emotion, with repeated exposure, will bring about an internal counterforce

  44. Lie Detection

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