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Explore the key terms and events of Latin America's history of imperialism, including the Spanish-American War, the Panama Canal project, Monroe Doctrine, Dollar Imperialism, and the Roosevelt Corollary.
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Key Terms • Foraker Act - 1900 Act providing a civil government for Puerto Rico; a main goal of the act was to prepare Puerto Rico for free trade with the US. It gave most power in Puerto Rico to US-appointed officials. • Platt Amendment - 1901 amendment to the Cuban constitution by which the US was allowed certain concessions, including the right to indefinitely maintain Guantanamo naval base in Cuba. • USS Maine - American warship sent to patrol Cuban waters at the beginning of 1898. When the ship mysteriously exploded on February 15, 1898, it gave the US a final reason to go to war, even though the cause of the explosion is still debated today. • Yellow journalism - The type of sensationalist (sometimes fictitious) journalism practiced by newspapermen such as Hearst and Pulitzer in order to boost circulation. • Protectorate - A country or territory with its own internal government but under the control of an outside power
What? • Spanish-American War, the Panama Canal project, Monroe Doctrine, Dollar Imperialism, and the Roosevelt Corollary, Haiti, Puerto Rico
WHY? • Many Caribbean and Latin American nations were in revolutions and political unrest • A lot of the Latin American regions were in deep debt • “Non-colonial imperial expansion” • Can America insert in laws that will allow American businesses to have an advantage.
Spanish-American War • The Spanish–American War was an armed military conflict between Spain and the United States that took place between April and August 1898, (four months) over the issues of the liberation of Cuba. • Treaty of Paris ended the war
Cause of Spanish-American War • American demand a compromise in Cuban’s struggle for independence; • it was rejected by Spain • Economic Reason • Monroe Doctrine • Expansionist feelings • Yellow Journalism • Maine
Results of the Spanish American War • America’s involvement increases in Asia and South America • Cuba gains independence • America is recognized as a world power
Consequences on America • America successfully controlled and handled the “splendid little war" • Ensured a constant U.S. military presence in the Caribbean and Central America for decades • Treaty of Paris gave United States control over Cuba, the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam
After Spanish American War • U.S. sets up a military government in Cuba • U.S. fears that other imperialist nations might try to take control of Cuba after Spanish-American War • Platt Amendment • U.S. Withdraws troop but maintains a base.
Imperialism of Cuba • General John Brooks becomes leader of the occupation government • Newly promoted General Leonard Wood, former leader of the Rough Riders becomes leader of the second occupation government
The Good • Wood’s main goal was to improve Cuban life • He modernized education, agriculture, government, healthcare, and so forth • Wood also had Havana's harbor deepened, in preparation for a higher volume of trade with the US. • Wood followed Dr. Walter Reed’s advice and destroys many swamps, marshes; reduces frequency of yellow fever cases
The Bad • Wood set up structure in place so that Afro-Cubans would be kept out of politics • Raised resentment
The UGLY • The Teller Amendment was a promise to withdraw entirely from Cuba after the Spanish American War • U.S.: honored promise but forced Cubans to write the Platt Amendment into their constitution • Platt Amendment gave U.S. a Cuban base (Guantanama) • Cubans: resented that the U,S. had left a military base
Latin American (Cuban) Viewpoint • Resented U.S. intervention • Resented military government • Resented U.S. preventing it to become truly independent • America’s control of the Dominican Republic’s customhouses helped bring short-term financial security to the nation.
Platt Amendment • Treaty between the United States and Cuba embodying the provisions defining the future relations of the United States with Cuba contained in the act of Congress” • Limits Cuba’s ability to sign treaties with other nations and gave U,.S. right to intervene in Cuban affairs • Cuban becomes protectorate of U.S.
“Dollar Diplomacy” • William Howard Taft believed in economic expansion, and so therefore introduced "dollar diplomacy." • The “dollar diplomacy” was to advance and protect American businesses in other countries. • The term is also used historically by Latin Americans to show their disapproval of the role that the U.S. government and U.S. corporations have played in using economic, diplomatic and military power to open up foreign markets.
Monroe Doctrine • The era of colonization had ended • Threat of European powers to the Western Hemisphere • America would avoid affairs with Europe
Roosevelt Corollary“Big Stick” Policy • Roosevelt adds the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine • Roosevelt warns that disorder in Latin America might “force the U.S. to exercise the powers of an international police power”
American View • Use economic power to achieve policy goals • Undermine the chances of European interference in America’s imperialism in Latin America
Latin American Debts • Latin America, and many of the “Banana Repulic” began owing heavy debts to European powers such as Germany and England • German warships sank two Venezuelan vessels and bombarded a Venezuelan town • Threatened America’s security
International Policemen Venezuela failed to pay debts Europe retaliates Dispute settled by Roosevelt
Puerto Rico • President McKinley wants to restore order and protect American Investments • Puerto Rico, which became an American protectorate under the Treaty of Paris, was very poor. • US troops were welcomed in 1898, and the Puerto Ricans greatest hopes were for increased rights and a better economy.
The Good • Puerto Rico's experience under US rule was more positive than that of the Philippines. • In 1900, Congress passed the Foraker Act, which set up a civil government for the Puerto Ricans, and gave the Puerto Ricans some amount of self-government. • The US went right on working to Americanize Puerto Rico, importing institutions, language, political systems, and the like.
The Bad • However, most power still belonged to officials appointed by the US government, a fact which angered many Puerto Rican natives.
The UGLY • However, U.S. was always vague over Puerto Rico’s political future • Resistance movement, led by Luis Munoz Rivera
The HAPPY • Gradually, the US granted more and more concessions to the Puerto Ricans • 1917, Puerto Ricans were made US citizens, with full citizens' rights.
Panama Canal • People wanted a faster way to travel back and forth from the Atlantic to Pacific and vise versa • U.S. buys right to canal and tries to sign treaty with Columbia to build canal • Columbia refuses to sign treaties • Panamanian revolutionaries want to break off from Columbian; Teddy ecnourages them • Teddy supports revolution • Nation of Panama signs treaty to give U.S. control over the Canal zone and permission to build the Panama Canal
American Viewpoint • Good deal; the Panama canal cut the original journey of about 13,000 miles into half the length of the journey • They collected about $340 million a year at the Panama Canal tollgate
Latin America (Panama) Viewpoint • Panama took control of the canal on December 31, 1991 • Happy because Latin America had become a crossroad of world trade. • Columbia resented American interference
Haiti • The U.S. government's official reason for invading was to protect human rights and restore democracy. • This interest in Haiti was part of the larger Caribbean plan, which in turn was part of the broader effort by the U.S. to become an imperialist power capable of challenging its European rivals. • America wanted to stop its rivals, particularly Germany, from acquiring more influence.
Consequences of Haiti being Imperialized • America wrote and imposed a convention giving the U.S. the right to police the country and take control of public finances.
Consequences of Haitian(The Good) • Successful maintenance of foreign debt repayment was in fact probably the only "positive" achievement of the nineteen-year occupation • Learned how to build prisons
Feelings of Haitians Expressed(The Bad) • Majority of Haitians were against the occupations and opposed • Nationalist sentiments (“Indigenist,” “Haitianist,” or “”Africanist” • Black nationalism
Feelings of Haitians Expressed(The UGLY) • Rebellions in which Haitians were crushed • America raises taxes and “postpones” elections of a hated president due to a economic recession cause by the coffee market • Haitians rebel furiously and burn down marine homes
U.S. pulls out..after 200 years • U.S. agrees to pull out on conditions • U.S. government would maintain supervision of Haitian finances
U.S. Empire • Pledging that it was fighting a war against empire with anti- imperialist statements like the Teller Amendment, the US somehow emerged from this originally anti-imperialist war with an empire of its own. • dualism in American foreign policy; U.S.’s not imperialism actions always help U.S. foreign policies
U.S. Empire • As a further result of the war, US national pride soared, and nationalism and jingoism peaked. The US took a first successful step onto the world stage. • Finally, the Spanish-American War offered a sign that the US really was a union again. For the first time since the Civil War divided the country, Northern and Southern soldiers had fought on the same side against a common enemy.
Consequences for Latin America • had a few brief moments where it was not in a complete revolution • distrust and fear rose for people living in Latin America as America kept failing to bring peace to the region.
Latin America • Was imperialized by America • Was modernized in education • Resented America’s constant military intervention
WILSON’S “MORAL” DIPLOMACY • Wilson set out to raise the moral tone of American foreign policy by denouncing dollar diplomacy • Encouraging bankers to loan money implied the possibility of outside interference if the loans weren’t repaid • To seek special economic concessions in Latin America was unfair and degrading and the U.S. should deal with them on terms of equality and honor • In some small areas, Wilson succeeded • Got Japan to modify their 21 Demands on China in 1915
WILSON’S “MORAL” DIPLOMACY • Due to strategic importance of Panama Canal, Wilson was unwilling to tolerate unrest anywhere in the Caribbean • The Bryan-Chamorro Treaty of 1914, which gave the U.S. an option to build a canal across Nicaragua, made that country a virtual American protectorate and preserved the power of dictator Adolfo Díaz • Missionary diplomacy even more evident in Mexico
WILSON’S “MORAL” DIPLOMACY • 1911: a liberal coalition overthrew Mexican ruler Porfirio Díaz, who had been exploiting the country for the benefit of wealthy landowners, clerics, and military men, and installed Francisco Madero in power • Madero was a wealthy landowner apparently influenced by American progressive movement • Was committed to economic reform and the drafting of a democratic constitution • But was weak willed and a terrible administrator; conditions deteriorated rapidly • Shortly before Wilson’s inauguration, Victoriano Huerta had overthrown and murdered Madero
WILSON’S “MORAL” DIPLOMACY • Huerta, determined to maintain stability desired by foreign investors, was recognized by European governments • The American ambassador, along with important American financial and business interests in Mexico, urged Wilson to do the same • Wilson, horrified by Madero’s murder, refused to do so
Tampico Incident • Wilson put enormous pressure on Huerta • April 1914: a small group of American sailors was arrested at Tampico, Mexico • Mexican government refused to supply the apology required by America • Wilson used the incident as an excuse to send troops to Mexico
