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Jeffersonian Democracy 1800-1808

Jeffersonian Democracy 1800-1808. Chapter 11 P. 210-232. DVDs. America: The Story of US Disc 1: Westward Chapter 2 and 3 Louisiana Purchase Lewis and Clark The Presidents: Washington to Monroe Thomas Jefferson. Thomas Jefferson by Rembrandt Peale, 1805

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Jeffersonian Democracy 1800-1808

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  1. Jeffersonian Democracy1800-1808 Chapter 11 P. 210-232

  2. DVDs • America: The Story of US • Disc 1: Westward Chapter 2 and 3 • Louisiana Purchase • Lewis and Clark • The Presidents: Washington to Monroe • Thomas Jefferson

  3. Thomas Jefferson by Rembrandt Peale, 1805 “We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists.”

  4. Election of 1800 • Jefferson victorious • John Adams defeated in a nasty, close election • Called the Revolution of 1800 • First peaceful and orderly transition of power between two opposing political parties • Jefferson’s inaugural • “Every difference of opinion is not a difference of principle. We have called by different names brethren of the same principle. We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists.” Thomas Jefferson by Rembrandt Peale John Adams

  5. Election 1800 • Democratic-Republicans • Thomas Jefferson • Aaron Burr (VP) • Won the southern states • Federalists • John Adams • Charles Cotesworth Pinckney • Won New England • Parties split the votes of the middle states • First election in which press played a major role • First inauguration in Washington, DC • Jefferson walked to the Capitol

  6. Election 1800

  7. Election of 1800

  8. Election of 1800

  9. Thomas Jefferson 1801-1809 • Man of the people • Author of the Declaration of Independence • Casual tone for protocol • Ended formal state dinners • Not a good public speaker • Brilliant, cunning politician • Defining moment of presidency • Expanding executive power by • Louisiana Purchase • Authorized Lewis and Clark Expedition 1804-1806 • Inability to deal with rising war in Europe • Disastrous Embargo Act 1807

  10. Thomas Jefferson • by Charles Wilson Peale • 1791 • Died on the Fourth of July, 1826 • 50th Anniversary of Declaration • Same day as John Adams

  11. Marbury vs. Madison 1803 • John Adams • President • Under Judiciary Act 1801 • *62 new federal judgeships • *Midnight judges • John Marshall • Secretary of State under John Adams • Delivered most of the judgeships • Ran out of time • Appointed by Adams • Chief Justice of Supreme Court • James Madison • Jefferson’s Secretary of State • Refused to deliver remaining judgeships

  12. Marbury v. Madison 1803 • Midnight judgescase • Lawsuit requested the Supreme Court to issue a • Writ of mandamus • Court order forcing Madison to issue the judicial commissions • The right to issue such writs had been given to the Court by the Judiciary Act of 1789 • The decision • Announced Madison was wrong to withhold the commissions • Courts could issue such writs to force officials to do their duty • BUT Supreme Court had no such power because • Congress was not allowed to change the Court’s • Original jurisdiction by a mere act of Congress • That part of the Judiciary Act attempting to do so was NULL and VOID--judicial review • “It is emphatically the province and duty of the judicial department to say what the law is.” • “…a law repugnant to the Constitution is void.” Chief Justice John Marshall

  13. Judicial Review • The power of the federal courts to declare laws of Congress and acts of the executive • Unconstitutional • Null and void and unenforceable • Established in Marbury v. Madison 1803 • By Chief Justice John Marshall • Federalist 78 • Alexander Hamilton • Constitution intended to give the courts the right to decide whether a law is contrary to the Constitution • Chief weapon for the courts in the system of checks and balances

  14. John Marshall • Served at Valley Forge • Realized weakness of a feeble central government and its failures • Determined to empower federal government • Secretary of State under John Adams • Delivered 17 of the 59 new appointments • Federalist decisions • Marbury v. Madison 1803 • Judicial review • McCulloch v. Maryland 1819 • National supremacy • Sense of nationalism was the most enduring of the time • Shaped the Constitution along conservative, centralizing lines Chief Justice John Marshall 1801-1835

  15. Federal/State Relationship

  16. Louisiana Purchase 1803 • 1800 France in a secret pact acquired the entire Louisiana region from Spain • 1802 American deposit privileges in New Orleans were withdrawn • 1803 Jefferson sent • James Monroe to join • Robert Livingston in Paris with instructions • To purchase New Orleans and as much land as possible to the east for $ 10 million • 1803 Napoleon sold all of Louisiana to the U.S. for $15 million • @ 3 cents per acre

  17. Louisiana Purchase 1803 • Doubled the area of the United States • Opened the trans-Mississippi West for American settlement

  18. Results of Louisiana Purchase • Secured for the U.S. the richest river valley in the world • Established a precedent of the acquisition of foreign territory by purchase • Lewis and Clark Expedition 1804-1806 • Demonstrated viability of an overland trail to the Pacific • Bolstered America’s claim to the Oregon country • Showed viability of an overland trail to Pacific • Zebulon Pike’s Expedition 1805-1806 • Boosted national unity • Bolstered America’s claim to Oregon • Most magnificent real estate bargain in history • Doubled the size of the country • Jefferson used treaty-making powers of president to buy the land • Loose construction

  19. Lewis and Clark • Meriwether Lewis • Jefferson’s personal secretary • William Clark • Young army officer • Traveled 3,000 miles • Scientific observations and maps • Great Plains • One common and boundless pasture • Immense herds of buffalo, elk, deer, antelope

  20. Lewis and Clark Expedition 1804-06 • Explored northern part of the purchase • Departed from St. Louis, Missouri 1804 • Up the Missouri River, through the Rockies and down the Columbia River reached the Pacific 1805 • Aided by Sacajawea • Shoshoni Indian • Details of the terrain and wildlife inspired exploration and settlement

  21. Zebulon Pike’s Expedition1805-1808 • Explored headwaters of • Mississippi River and • Southern Louisiana Territory • Colorado peak that bears his name • Pike’s Peak

  22. Louisiana Purchase 1803 :

  23. Foreign Policy • Napoleonic Wars 1803-1814 • United States • A maritime U.S. the number one neutral carrier since 1793 could not get merchants ships into European ports • 1801-1811 • 6,000 U.S. sailors impressed into British navy • Britain—Supreme on Seas • Battle of Trafalgar 1805 • Horatio Nelson destroyed the combined French and Spanish fleet off the coast of Spain • Ensured Britain’s mastery of the seas • British Orders in Council 1806 • Blockaded all French and French controlled ports • France—Supreme on Land • Battle of Austerlitz 1805 • Napoleon crushed the combined Austrian and Russian armies • Ensured France’s mastery of the land • FrenchContinental System • Seized any ship coming from a British port

  24. Nine World Wars

  25. Barbary War 1801-1805 • Pirate ships and crews from North African states of • Morocco, Algeria, Tripoli, and Tunisia • Attacked American merchant shipping • To extort ransom for the lives of captured sailors • To get tribute from the United States to avoid further attacks • First time in history that United States flag • Raised in victory on foreign soil • This action was memorialized in a line from the • Marines' Hymn—“the shores of Tripoli”

  26. Four Barbary States North Africa

  27. Jefferson’s Response to Crisis in Europe • Embargo Act 1807 • Forbade export of all goods from the U.S. whether in American or foreign ships • Results of Embargo Act • Disastrous to the American economy • Illicit trade along the Canadian border • New England talked of secession • Tarnished Jefferson’s presidency Political Cartoon Against the Embargo Act of 1807 Lampoons the Embargo Act signed by Jefferson Ograbme is embargo spelled backwards

  28. Monticello Jefferson’s Estate in Charlottesville, Virginia

  29. Jefferson Memorial • Authorized in 1934 • Dedicated on the 200th anniversary of Jefferson's birth, April 13, 1943

  30. Mount Rushmore Jefferson's prestige as a founding father and president led to him being immortalized on Mount Rushmore

  31. Advised his presidential successors • Established the University of Virginia • Passed away on the • Fourth of July in 1826 Thomas Jefferson by Gilbert Stuart 1805

  32. Election of 1808 • James Madison • Nominated by Jefferson • Democratic-Republican • Secretary of State under Jefferson • Charles Cotesworth Pinckney • Federalist candidate • Issues • Embargo Act • Halt of trade with Britain • Hurt New England

  33. James Madison 1809-1817 • Veteran of the Revolution • Author of the Virginia Plan • Father of the Constitution • Author of The Federalist Papers • Secretary of State for • Thomas Jefferson • Presidency crippled by factions • War hawks in Congress • Henry Clay (KY) • War of 1812 • Mr. Madison’s War • Not a great president • First Lady • Dolley

  34. War Hawks Henry Clay • Selected • Henry Clay Speaker of the House • Fought for asserting maritime rights • Declared war on Britain June 1812 • 79-49 House • 19-13 Senate • Very close vote • Showed dangerous degree of disunity • West/South for war • New England/Middle Atlantic opposed war

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