Nationalism in Asia

1. Nationalism in Asia World Studies Summer School

2. Early Japan • Geography makes Japan different • Japan is about the size of Montana • Chain of Islands off the coast of Korea and China • Too far for China to conquer • Close enough to be influenced by Korea and China • 4/5ths of land mountainous • Volcanic and Earthquake prone

3. Early Japanese Society • Society divided into uji or clans • Each clan had its own chief and special god that was claimed was the clan’s ancestor. • Some clan leaders were women • Yamato Clan becomes first Japanese dynasty. • Influence Japan for over 1000 years

4. Religion and Language • Early religions in Japan worshiped the forces of nature. Known as Shinto • While not evolved into a major religion, Shinto ideas and culture are important to Japan and shrines are still important in Japan today • Shrines were created to honor special geographic features such as mountains and waterfalls • Japanese Language distantly related to Korean, but completely different from Chinese.

5. Chinese influence Japan • Early 600s Yamato Prince sends nobles to study in China. Previously they learned about china by way of Koreans visiting. • Those returning over the next 200 years bring Chinese art, technology, and ideas about government. • Japan adopts idea of strong central government • Outside of capital though countryside still controlled by ruling clans.

6. Selective Borrowing • Japan only integrated that parts of Chinese culture they thought would benefit them. • Buddhist and Confucian ideas were popular. • Filial Piety • Do not use ideas of Civil Service • Preserves power of clan rule through inherited status • Results in creating a unique civilization

7. Feudalism develops • Feudal Warfare sweeps Japan in 1400s • Emperor just a figurehead of society • Power lay in the hands of the Shogun or supreme military commander • Kamakura Shogunate established in 1192 first of 3 military dynasties that would rule Japan for 700 years. • Shogun only controls small parts of Japan • He distributes control over smaller areas to Lords or Daimyo. • Daimyo distribute land to Samurai • Fighting aristocracy • Like Knights in Europe • Develop code of honor called “Bushido” • Bushido emphasizes honor, bravery, and loyalty

8. Tokugawa Unites Japan • Determined to end feudal warfare the Tokugawa Shogunate took power in 1600 • Impose a centralized government on all of Japan. • Centralized Feudalism • To control Daimyo’s they are forced to move to Capital City of Edo. They have to live in capital every other year but family must stay full time. • This gives Shogun great power over the Daimyo • Shogun also forbids Daimyo from marrying or repairing castle without permission. • Only Samurai were allowed to work in government and military. • Idea of Bushido becomes important aspect of society

9. Assignment • Questions: • P.395 #1,3-5

10. Japan ends Isolation • Early 1600s Japan shut itself off from the rest of the world • Some trade with China and Dutch in Indonesia was it • By Early 1800s Western powers tried to convince Japan to open up as China had. • In 1853 Commodore Perry takes 4 Ships into Tokyo Harbor • The Black Wooden Ships powered by Steam with cannon not seen before shock the Shogun Feudal society • Realizing they would not be able to survive a fight, they received Perry and his letter from President Fillmore asking for free trade between U.S. and Japan. • Perry also adds that he will return in a year for Japan’s reply with a much larger fleet.

11. Japan gives in • When Perry arrives in 1854 he receives the Treaty of Kanagawa. • Japan will open two ports where U.S. ships can take on supplies. • By 1860 Several foreign countries have permission to trade in several treaty ports. • The Japanese people were angry the Shogun had given in to Western demands. • They turn to Japans young emperor. Mutsuhito

12. Emperor Takes Control • Mutsuhito taking control ends Shogun control that had lasted since the 12th century. • This becomes known as the Meiji Era “Enlightened Rule” • Emperor realizes the best way to counter Western Influences is to become like them and modernize. • This is the opposite of what China does.

13. Modernization of Japan • Sends Diplomats to learn Western ways • Took the best ideas and adapted them to their own country • Model their constitution and Government on Germany • Model Army on Germany, Navy on Britain • Japan adopts U.S. Universal education system • Encourages Students to go Study abroad

14. Industrialization of Japan • By early 1900s, Japan was as industrialized as any Nation in the world. • Built first Railroad in 1872, by 1914 Japan had more than 7000 miles of Railroad. • Coal production grew from 500,000 tons in 1875 to 21 million tons in 1913. • State supported companies build thousands of Factories. • Traditional industries grow with new production methods giving Japan more unique goods for export • Shipbuilding Industry becomes one of largest in the world

15. Strategy Pays Off • By 1890, Japan becomes dominant military power in Asia • They began to remove the extraterritorial rights of foreign countries • They are able to convince the foreign countries they will still allow trade rights, just no more territorial rights. • Western countries accept diminished rights and Japanese feeling of strength and nationalism grow. • As their power grows, so does their ambitions.

16. Japan gets Imperialism • Japan wants to demonstrate to Europeans they are just as powerful. • Japan wants Korea • So does China • They sign hands off agreement in 1885 • Chinese troops enter Korea in 1894 when the King asks for Chinese help. • Japan protests saying China broke agreement • Sends troops to Korea to fight Chinese • Sino-Japanese War 1894-1895 • Japan wins quickly • Destroys Chinese Navy • Gains first colonies

17. Russo-Japanese War • Japan defeating China changes balance of power. • Japan and Russia now dominant powers in East Asia • They go to War over Manchuria • Japanese agree to stay out of Manchuria if Russians stay out of Korea • Russians refuse • War breaks out

18. Russo-Japanese War Results • Japanese drive Russians out of Korea • Captures most of Russian Pacific Fleet • Destroys all of Russia’s Baltic Fleet • Treaty of Portsmouth • Japan gets to keep captured Territory • Russia must leave Manchuria • Russia must stay out of Korea • Japan now wants ALL of Korea

19. Japanese occupation of Korea • Japan makes Korea a Protectorate in 1905 • 1907 Korean Government gives up control • 1910 Japan officially Annexes Korea and is totally under Japanese control. • Japanese were harsh rulers • Korean Language and study was banned from schools and Japanese culture and language was forced to be taught • Land taken away and given to Japanese interests • Koreans could not own businesses • While countries around the world were concerned about what Japan was doing, they largely did nothing to stop them.

20. Japan Wants an Empire • 1920s Japan becomes more Democratic. • 1922 Sign treaty with China respecting their borders • 1928 signs the Kellogg-Briand Pact renouncing war. • Great Depression 1929 • Military blames civilian government and people want military back in power. • Military wanted to solve economic problems through foreign expansion.

21. Japan invades Manchuria • Manchuria – Northeast province of China • Rich in Iron and coal • Army set up puppet government • Japanese engineers and technicians come to build large mines and factories. • First Challenge to the League of Nations • Many members of League protested • Japan simply left League in 1933

22. Japan Invades China • 1937 Japan invades China • China’s Army no match for better equipped and trained Japanese. • Beijing and other major cities fell including capital of Nanjing • Over 10,00 captured soldiers are killed • 1936 Japan joins Germany and Italy in the Axis Powers

23. Japanese aggression continues • Due to the tough resistance in China, Japan needed more resources. • Japan focuses on European colonies in Southeast Asia • Japan overruns French controlled Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos. July 1941. • U.S. now fears Japanese invasion of U.S. controlled Philippines and Guam • President Roosevelt cuts off Oil Shipments to Japan. • Japan attacks Pearl Harbor Dec. 7th 1941 • By end of January Japan controls Thailand, Phillipines, Guam, Wake Island, and Hong Kong

24. Japan Loses War • U.S. Occupation forces Japan to completely disband Army leaving only a small police force. • 6 war criminals including Premier Tojo, sentenced to Hang. • New Japanese constitution • Power rests in the people • Emperor had to admit he is not divine and becomes only a figurehead • With U.S. help, Japan is rebuilt and a lasting friendship is begun.

25. Assignment • Questions: • P.395 # 3-5 • P,790 # 3-6 • P.877 # 3-6

26. British in India • East India company gain control of India in 1757 • Company rules India without interference from British Government until 1800s • With the amount of raw materials and the growing market for British goods, the British government begins to increase its control. • In 1858, British government takes complete control of India after the Sepoy Mutiny. • British repress and exhibit racism against native Indians.

27. India wants British out • Indian National Congress Founded 1885 • Primarily Hindu Group • Muslim League founded 1906 • Common ground between Muslim’s and Hindu’s were hatred of British • Groups work together for Independence • Before WWI Nationalist movement was small

28. WWI changes India • British entice Indians to Join Army for WWI by saying their would be reforms after war which would lead to increased civil rights and eventually Self-Government. • When they return from war, They continue to be treated as second class citizens • Acts of Violence occur against British which result in the Rowlatt Acts • Allows British to jail protesters for 2 years without trial.

29. Enter Gandhi • Mohandas Gandhi • Blends ideas from all religions • Western educated and trained as a lawyer in London. • Noncooperation/Nonviolence and Civil Disobedience were his philosophies • Strikes • Boycotts • Demonstrations • Freedom From British through Nonviolent means • See Movie….

30. Nonviolence movement takes toll on British • By the time WWII ended Britain had huge war debts and the Nationalist movement in India had taken a great toll on the British Economy • Britain decided it was time to give up India • Now a new dilemma presented itself • Who would rule? • Muslims? • Hindus?

31. British decide fate • Britain decides partition of India into two countries is best choice. • This creates Pakistan in Northwest India and East Pakistan in the east for Muslims. • Gandhi was upset by partition believing they could all live together. • India Becomes Independent Nation Aug. 15, 1947 • Attacks by Hindus on fleeing Muslims and vice versa erupted all over the country. • In an attempt to plead with Hindus to give Muslim refugees fair treatment, Gandhi is assassinated by a Hindu extremist.

32. Pakistan and India • Both countries have struggled with a variety of issues over the last 60 years • East Pakistan broke off from Pakistan in 1971 to form the country of Bangladesh • Both countries have more than 35% of the people living in poverty • India and Pakistan are in a constant struggle against one another • Both claim the northern border area of Kashmir as their own. • Both are Nuclear Powers • India’s population is expected to overcome China’s as the worlds largest by 2035

33. Nationalism in the Middle East • Turkey • Fall of Ottoman Empire forces last Sultan to give up all land Except Anatolia and Istanbul • Greeks invade in 1919 • 1922 brilliant commander Mustafa Kemal leads Turkish Nationalists to fight back Greeks. • After winning, they overthrow the last Ottoman Sultan

34. Turkey becomes Republic • Kemal becomes first president • New reforms • Separates laws of Islam from laws of nation • Abolishes religious courts and creates new legal system based on European Law • Grants women right to vote and hold office • Launches programs to modernize and industrialize Turkey. • Kemal’s Leadership give country new sense of Identity • After his death in 1938 he is given the name of Ataturk or “Father of the Turks”

35. Iran • After WWI British and Russia both had areas of influence in the country of ancient Persia • British tried to kick Russians out after the Bolshevik revolution. • Leads to Nationalist revolt • 1921 Persian officer gains power • 1925 kicks out ruling Shah • New Leader Reza Shah Pahlavi • Tries to Modernize country like Kemal • Builds roads, schools, promotes industrial growth and women’s rights • Unlike Kemal though he keeps all power in his hands • Changes country name from Greek name Persia to traditional name Iran

36. Saudi Arabia • While Turkey broke from Islamic Traditions, The new country of Saudi Arabia embraced them • 1902 Abd al Aziz Ibn Saud begins campaign to unite Arabia. • In 1932 he named the new Kingdom Saudi Arabia after his family • The new King carries on Arab and Islamic traditions • Loyalty to government was based on family ties, religion and customs. • Modernization limited to religiously accepted areas • No efforts at democracy, Religious and Family Rule

37. OIL! • During 1920s and 30s Oil is discovered in the Middle East. • The race began to see who could claim what would change the structure and balance of power in the world. • Geologists eventually discover 2/3rds of the worlds oil deposits are found in the Middle East

38. Assignment • Questions: • P.771 # 3-5 • P.867 # 3-5 • P.864 # 3-6