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The Hundred Years' War

The Hundred Years' War. How long did it last?. Causes of the 100 Years' War. 1347 - 1453. A FAMILY SQUABBLE?. IN 1328 CHARLES IV…THE FRENCH KING…DIED WITH NO HEIR…NOT HAIR READ CAREFULLY! IN ENGLAND EDWARD III, HIS GRANDSON, WAS KING…OKAY, SO HE WAS ONLY 13, SO WHAT?

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The Hundred Years' War

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  1. The Hundred Years' War How long did it last?

  2. Causes of the 100 Years' War 1347 - 1453

  3. A FAMILY SQUABBLE? • IN 1328 CHARLES IV…THE FRENCH KING…DIED WITH NO HEIR…NOT HAIR READ CAREFULLY! • IN ENGLAND EDWARD III, HIS GRANDSON, WAS KING…OKAY, SO HE WAS ONLY 13, SO WHAT? • HIS MOM ISABELLA…SHE WAS THE DAUGHTER OF THE DEAD FRENCH KING CHARLES (ARE YOU KEEPING UP?)…WANTED HER SON TO BE KING OF ENGLAND AND FRANCE…GREEDY, GREEDY! • THE FRENCH NOBILITY DID NOT WANT AN ENGLISHMAN…OR BOY…ON THEIR THRONE AND SO THEY CHOSE THE DEAD KINGS COUSIN PHILIP OF VALOIS • IN FACT THE FRENCH NOBILITY CROWNED PHILIP KING • EDWARD DECLARES WAR!!! HE WAS 13 DO YOU THINK HE MEANT IT? • BOTH WANTED GLORY AND PRESTIGE…BOTH WANTED THEIR OWN WAY…BOTH USED THEIR NATIONS TO SATISFY THEIR OWN DESIRES

  4. CAUSES CONTINUED • NOBLES ON BOTH SIDES WERE PROMISED LOOT, PLUNDER, LAND, AND BOOTY! • WAR HAD BEEN A KNIGHTLY AFFAIR…KNIGHT IN ARMOR AGAINST KNIGHT IN ARMOR…YOU HACKED YOUR OPPONENT TO PIECES IN A CIVILISED WAY! • ENGLAND CHEATED…THEY HAD A BRAND NEW SECRET WEAPON… • THE LONGBOW, AT THE BATTLES OF CRECY, POITIERS, AND AGINCOURT, SLAUGHTERED THE FRENCH NOBILITY. • DURING THE 116 YEARS of the 100 YEARS WAR…HUH? THERE WERE 68 YEARS OF RELATIVE PEACE AND 44 YEARS OF FIGHTING • THE EFFECTS WERE HUGE! • PATRIOTISM WAS BORN…PEOPLE STARTED SEEING THEMSELVES AS ENGLISHMEN OR FRENCHMEN • THE GOVERNMENTS TOOK ADVANTAGE AND RAISED TAXES… • PROPAGANDA IS BORN IN CHURCH PULPITS

  5. WAR MEANS OPPORTUNITY TO MAKE MONEY • NOBILITY INFLUENCE DECLINES, BECAUSE SO MANY HAVE BEEN KILLED, AND THIS DECLINE WILL LEAD TO THE KINGS TAKING MORE POWER • THIS IS HUGE…THE KINGS ARE NOW IN TOTAL CHARGE…THEY DO NOT NEED TO ASK THE NOBLES FOR MONEY ANY MORE • IT’S GOOD TO BE THE KING! • THEY TAKE CONTROL OF THE COUNTRY BY PUTTING PEOPLE LOYAL TO THEM IN POSITIONS OF POWER…SHERIFFS, BAILIFFS, JUDGES, TAX COLLECTORS… • THIS CENTRALIZING OF GOVERNMENTWILL GIVE THE KINGS ULTIMATE POWER • IT IS ALSO THE BEGINNING OF THE END OF FEUDALISM…YEAH, THE SERFS WILL SOON BE FREE…DUDE! • REMEMBER THE CENTRALIZING OF GOVERNMENT THEME IT IS TRES, TRES, IMPORTANT!!!

  6. 1. Controversy Over Succession • The French nobility selected Philip of Valois, a cousin of the last king through the male line…handsome dude no? • He founded a new French dynasty that ruled through the 16century…Valois • He was chosen in preference to King Edward III of England, whose mother was the daughter of the late king, Charles IV. • In 1340, Edward claimed the title “King of France.”…what a nerve!

  7. FRENCH LAND BELONGS TO BRITISH KINGS • A longer standing issue was the status of lands within France that belonged to English kings…remember William the conqueror and Eleanor of Aquitaine? • Edward was actually a vassal of Philip’s, holding sizable French territories as fiefs from the king of France [it went back to the Norman conquest and Henry II’s conquest of Eleanor].

  8. Conflict Over Flanders • Wool industry…lots of money in those sheep…bah, bah. • Flanders wants its independence from French control…what do we call Flanders today? • They ask England for help. The ‘dagger’ pointing at the ‘heart’ of England!

  9. 4. A Struggle for National Identity • France was NOT a united country before the war began. • The French king only controlled about half of the country.

  10. The War Itself

  11. Military Characteristics • The War was a series of short raids and expeditions. • A few major battles, marked off by truces or ineffective treaties. • The relative strengths of each country dictated the sporadic nature of the struggle. • The English had the Longbow And the French had garlic

  12. French Advantages • Population of about 16,000,000. • Far richer and more populous than England. • At one point, the French fielded an army of over 50,000  at most, Britain mustered only 32,000… • Ah yes, but is it the size of the dog in the fight or is it the size of the fight in the dog?

  13. British Advantages • Weapons Technologies…the _ _ _ _ _ _ _ • In almost every engagement, the British were outnumbered. • Britain’s most successful strategies: • Avoid pitched battles. • Engage in quick, profitable raids • Steal what you can. • Destroy everything else. • Capture enemy knights to hold for ransom. • Sounds fair to me!

  14. The Longbow as a Weapon • The English set up a defensive position and then lured the French into attacking…so they could unleash the longbow…at distance. • Its arrows had more penetrating power than a bolt from a crossbow. • Could pierce an inch of wood or the armor of a knight at 200 yards! • A longbow could be fired more rapidly. • 6 arrows per minute.

  15. The British Longbow:The Battle of Poitiers, 1356

  16. Early English Victories

  17. The Effective Use of the Cannon at Poitiers, 1356

  18. King Henry V (r. 1412-1422) • Renewed his family’s claim to the French throne. • At Agincourt in 1415, the English, led by Henry himself, goaded a larger French army into attacking a fortified English position. • With the aid of the dukes of Burgundy, Henry gained control over Normandy, Paris, and much of northern France!

  19. A Burgundian Presence

  20. Height of English Dominance And then…

  21. The French “Reconquest” • Even though in 1428 the military and political power seemed firmly in British hands, the French reversed the situation. • In 1429, with the aid of the mysterious Joan of Arc, the French king, Charles VII, was able to raise the English siege of Orleans. • This began the reconquest of the north of France.

  22. Joan of Arc (1412-1432) • The daughter of prosperous peasants from an area of Burgundy that had suffered under the English…she was a milk maid and she heard voices! • Like many medieval mystics, she reported regular visions of divine revelation. • Her “voices” told her to go to the king and assist him in driving out the English. • She dressed like a man and was Charles’ most charismatic and feared military leader! It’s lucky she was French… In France they gave her an army…for hearing voices and dressing like a man… Here in the States we would have put her on medication and sent her to a hospital!!!

  23. Cannons Used at Orleans

  24. Joan Announces the Capture of Orleans to the King

  25. Joan of Arc (1412-1432) • She brought inspiration and a sense of national identity and self-confidence. • With her aid, the king was crowned at Reims [ending the “disinheritance”]. • She was captured during an attack on Paris and fell into English hands. • Because of her “unnatural dress” and claim to divine guidance, she was condemned and burned as a heretic in 1432. • She instantly became a symbol of French resistance.

  26. Joan as a “Feminist” Symbol Today? No, I don’t know who Martha is!

  27. The End of the War • Despite Joan’s capture, the French advance continued. • By 1450 the English had lost all their major centers except Calais. • In 1453 the French armies captured the last English-held fortress. • This was the last battle of the war. • There was no treaty, only a cessation of hostilities.

  28. France Becomes Unified! France in 1453 France in 1337

  29. Now show me what you know…. • Questions: • Why did the nobility experience instability in the Late Middle Ages?  In what ways did that instability lead to the Hundred Years' War? • Regarding the Hundred Years' War:- What were its causes?- Why did the war continue for so long a period in the 14c?- What advantages did each side possess?- What were the results of the war in the 14c for England and France? • How did the role of representative institutions differ in France and England during and after the Hundred Years' War?  Why? • What role did Joan of Arc play in the Hundred Years' War?  How was her fate an example of a medieval response to a political problem? • On the basis of the passage in your textbook, did misogyny play a role in the trial and execution of Joan of Arc? • What were the long-term ramifications of the Hundred Years' War for England and for France? • Why did the English nobility fight the War of the Roses?  What was its outcome? • Identify the major "power centers" in 14c Italy [be sure to list their strengths and weaknesses, different types of government structures, and the types of societies and trade/business enterprises characterized each state.] • In what ways were the states of Italy able to gain relative stability during the 15c?

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