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The First Scientific Revolution and the Beginnings of Astrophysics

Explore the birth of science and the foundations of astrophysics through the lives of key figures like Galileo, Kepler, and Descartes. Discover how the new science replaced the old through revolution and evolution, paving the way for the future of scientific inquiry.

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The First Scientific Revolution and the Beginnings of Astrophysics

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  1. The First Scientific Revolution and the Beginnings of Astrophysics Gheorghe Stratan JINR Dubna and NIPNE Bucharest Studying the past to understand the present and foresee the future

  2. Two books for our civilisation

  3. THE FIRST SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION:What, When and Why • When Science was born? • The meaning of REVOLUTION in Science. • Revolution, or Evolution? • How the new Science replaces the old one? • Mathematics and Science. • The role of personalities. • New notions, new language, new problems.

  4. Nicolaus Copernicus: On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres, Nuernberg, 1543

  5. Copernicus: The simplified heliocentric model

  6. Details of Book of Revolutions

  7. Year DESCARTES KEPLER GALILEO • 1564………………………………………………………………BORN • 1571 ……………………….………....…BORN • 1596……………BORN………Mysterium Cosm. • 1609………………..………… Astronomia Nova • 610……………;…..……………………………………….Sidereus Nuncius • 1613………………..…………………………….……….Letters on Sunspots 1618----WAR---------------------------------------------WAR • 1619………………..…………Harmonices Mundi • 1621………………..……….Epitome (1618-1621) • 1623………………..…………………………….……………Il Saggiatore • 1630……………….……………….……..DIES 1632……………….……………………………………………..Dialogue • 1633……………….…………………………………………………TRIAL • 1637…..Method (Diopt., Met., Geom.) • 1638……………….……………………………………………..Two New Sci. • 1642……………….…………………………………………………DIES • 1648----WAR ENDS--------------------------------------WAR ENDS • 1650………DIES

  8. Two Books for our civilisation

  9. Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)Mechanics, Astronomy, the first laws of Nature, the scientific method

  10. The Starry MessengerThe bestseller of 1610

  11. Galileo’s drawings of the Moon:a blow to the Aristotle’s picture of heavenly bodies: no quintessence (ether)

  12. Galileo, Sidereus Nuncius (1610):The Moon is another Earth, the secondary light of Moon, there are more stars, the composition of Milky Way, the satellites of Jupiter.

  13. Galileo’s Letters on sunspots: the beginnings of Astrophysics

  14. Galileo about sunspots: They are on the surface of Sun, or immediately near, they indicate the rotation of Sun around a tilted axis

  15. Galileo about Mathematics The Book of Nature is written in Mathematical Language… The Assayer (1623) But no mystics of numerology, no believe in the magic of numbers, like Pythagoras’ followers

  16. Galileo: The Assayer (1623)

  17. Galileo’s Dialogue, a watershed for the relations between Science and Religion

  18. Johannes Kepler (1571-1630):The discoverer of celestial laws

  19. The Modern Notion of Law • Divine • LAW Juridical • of Nature • NOMOS; LEX, LEGIS LEGE, LOI, GESETZ, ЗАКОН, TŐRVENY • IT. ROM. FR. GERMAN RUSSIAN HUNG.

  20. Kepler: MysteriumCosmographicum (1564): The nested planets.

  21. Kepler, Harmonices Mundi (1619)The 3rd Planetary Law

  22. The Music of the Spheres

  23. Rene’ Descartes (1596-1650)Principle of Inertia, Analytical Geometry,Cosmology of vortices, Discourse on Methode.

  24. Descartes on Mathematics • Exiger de moy des demonstrations Geometriques en unematiere qui depend de la Physique, c’estvouloirque je fasse des chosesimpossibles. (Pretending from me Geometrical demonstrations in a matter which depends on Physics means asking me to do impossible things). Letter of Descartes to Marin Mersenne (May 17, 1638)

  25. Astrophysics was forbidden Cesare Cremonini (1550-1631) professor of Philosophy at Padova University about Galileo: Si et esset ligneum, non curat. (Even if [the skies] were of wood [he] shouldn’t care). Cremonini refused to look at the skies through the Galileo’s telescope, pretending that he will get headache.

  26. Cristopher Scheiner, Rosa Ursina (1626-1630), the most beautiful scientific book of 17th century, the first book of Astrophysics

  27. The first Astrophysical device, invented by Castelli (Galileo’s pupil), used by Scheiner

  28. Scheiner and sunspots, victory and defeat. Astrophysics is born.

  29. Charles Darwin (1809-1872)to T. H. Huxley (1825-1895):A new generation will accept the evolution

  30. Max Planck (1858-1947)Scientific Autobiography and Other Papers:How a new theory replaces an old one. “Truth never triumphs—its opponents just die out.”

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