US Foreign Policy Age of Imperialism

1. US Foreign Policy Age of Imperialism

2. Hawaii • Became important way station for American shippers on their way to Asia • Americans settle and became prosperous sugar plantation owners • American business men begin to control government of Hawaii • Queen Liliuokalani came to power and tried to restore Hawaiian control of island • In 1893 white plantation owners aided by US troops revolt and over threw the Queen • Ask to be annexed • Pres Cleveland said no • After Spanish American War Pres McKinley favored annexation • Hawaii was an important coaling station and had the world’s best natural harbor • Long lasting resentment among many native Hawaiians

3. Cuba • Cubans struggle for their independence • Many Americans identified with Cuban resistance to colonial rule • US businesses want control of Cuban sugar and other natural resources • In 1898, sparked by revolution in Cuba the United States and Spain fought a war • Treat of Pairs granted Cuba its independence • Pres McKinley set up a US military government in Cuba • US forced Cuba to add the Platt Amendment to their Constitution which • gave US military rights to interview when needed • Two naval bases • Made Cuba a protectorate for the next 31 years

4. Philippines • US forces with help from Emilio Aguinaldo defeated Spanish troops in the Philippines • Aguinaldo wanted Philippines to be independent • US Pres McKinley decided to maintain US control of the Philippines • Too important to give up – wanted a presence in Asia • Might fall to another European nation (Germany) • Needed to civilize the people • Filipinos rebelled to try to gain independence • Revolt crushed after a three year war • Philippines finally granted independence after World War II (July 4, 1946)

5. Puerto Rico • Spain ceded Puerto Rico to the US after Spanish American War • US selected military governor, council, and judges to rule the island • Us wanted island • Presence in Caribbean • Protect canal that US was planning on building • New government did many good things • Foraker Act passed in 1900 allowed Puerto Rico to elect their own civilian government • Jones Act 1917 granted Puerto Ricans US citizenship • US businesses took over Puerto Rico • Many Puerto Ricans resented US rule

6. China • Interest in China for large market • European powers carved our “spheres of influences” • US (US Sec. of State John Hay) promoted Open Door Policy • No country would have a monopoly on trade with China • Respect China’s rights and fair trade for all • Way for US to further its trade interests • Open Door Policy represented three key ideas of US • 1. economic growth was dependent on exports • 2. had the right to interview to keep markets open • 3. closing of markets threatened US survival • China kept its freedom but was dominated by the West • Nationalist movement grew • Chinese rebelled and tried to remove foreign influence • Boxer Rebellion • Rebellion was put down • China continued to provide markets and raw materials for US

7. Panama • After the Spanish America War US wanted to build canal across Central America • To allow warships to pass • To defend newly acquired territories • Facilitate trade • US attempted to lease land from Columbia and build canal through Panama • Columbia rejected offer • US encouraged and assisted an armed rebellion of Panamanians to overthrow Colombian rule • New Panamanian government agreed to allow US to build canal • Complete in 1914

8. Dominican Republic • UlisesHeureaux tookpower • Improved education, transportation and encouraged foreign investment • BUT used money for his own pleasures • ran up large debits to over seas companies • Heureaux was assassinated in 1899 leaving a large foreign debt • Fear was that European nation would interfere to collect these debts • Pres Roosevelt reminded European nation of the Monroe Doc • US agreed to assumed Dominican Republican debts in return for the right to collect import duties (taxes) • Roosevelt issued the Roosevelt Corollary • “disorder in Latin American might force the US to exercise the right of an international policy power” • Said that US would use force to protect its interests • Pres Taft promoted “Dollar Diplomacy” • Taft would encourage and protect US Businesses in Latin America • Businesses were suppose to help the economy of the Latin America countries • US dollars not military would provide stability in Latin America

9. Mexico • From 1876-1911 Mexico was ruled by Porfiro Diaz who encouraged US investment • By 1900 US businesses had invested over a billion dollars • Only a small wealthy group of Mexicans benefited from this • Poor desperate Mexicans revolted in 1910 • To restore law and order US businesses help Victoriano Huerta seize power • Brutal dictator • Pres Wilson refused to recognize Huerta supportedVenustiano Carranza • Believed Carranza would bring progressive reforms to Mexico • Carranza seized power but refused to listen to Wilsons demands on how to reform the Mexican government • Pres Wilson then supported Pancho Villa • Withdrew support form Villa • US stopped being concerned about situation in Mexico due to the Great War that was looming in Europe