Chapter 21 The Age of Reform 1880-1920

1. Chapter 21The Age of Reform1880-1920 Section 1: Early Reforms in Texas Section 2: James Hogg & the Populists Section 3: Progressivism & James Ferguson Pages 436-451

2. Section 1Early Reforms in Texas With the development of industry and transportation, life in Texas was changing dramatically. As a result, Texas laws and politics needed to change as well.

3. Reforms • Many people moving to cities….much new industry • Texas government had to change to keep up with the times…needed reform • Reform: changes made to improve something • Reforms included • limits placed on power of governor • State officials had to be elected, not appointed • Reduced taxes…but cuts had to be made

4. Improving Education Education • Constitution of 1876 • set aside money for schools from land sales • Set aside money for school taxes, like Poll Tax and school tax • Poll Tax: a tax that each person must pay in order to vote • In 1884, counties could create own school districts, school population grew rapidly • Emphasis placed on job training in schools • Colleges were created in 1870s-1880s • Texas A & M • University of Texas at Austin

5. Prohibition • Prohibition Movement • Started in1866 …closed saloons on Sundays • Thought drinking led to poverty, crime, and family violence • Temperance Movement • Supported total ban on alcohol • Texas women started the Women’s Christian Temperance Union • Keep alcohol out of Texas, dry counties/wet counties • Prohibition: a national movement to ban manufacture, sale, transportation, or use of alcoholic beverages • Temperance: avoidance of alcohol

6. Prohibition, con’t • World War I started…worried about effects on soldiers away from home • In 1918, Texas closed all saloons and ratified 18th amendment to US Constitution • 18th Amendment • Prohibited manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages

7. http://history.howstuffworks.com/american-history/prohibition1.htmhttp://history.howstuffworks.com/american-history/prohibition1.htm http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/media_content/m-5252.jpg Prohibition and the Women’s Christian Temperance Union http://www.emsah.uq.edu.au/awsr/Act_Centenary/whoiswho.htm

8. Women’s Suffrage • Women were becoming very active in Texas politics but still denied suffrage • Suffrage: the right to vote • In 1903, Texas Equal Right’s Suffrage Association started • Result: in 1918,women could vote in Primaries • Primary: an election held to determine who will serve as a political party’s candidate in a major election • In 1919, US voted on 19th Amendment: • 19th Amendment gave women right to vote

9. Section 2James Hogg & the Populists After enduring the unfair practices of railroads and other corporations, citizens rose up and demanded that the rights of the average Texas citizen be protected.

10. Railroad Abuses • Railroads helped farmers but railroad companies took advantage of farmers by charging high prices and giving favors to politicians, etc • People wanted that stopped • Members of The Grange wanted to stop the abuse • An organized group of farmers • Made of farmers to talk about crops, livestock, etc. • Also, could purchase farm products in bulk for cheaper • Started putting pressure on railroad leaders to stop unfair practices

11. Hogg’s Fight for Freedom • James S. Hogg • From Rusk, TX; was district attorney and then became attorney general • Fought for reform of large corporations • Insurance industry: lawsuits if didn’t follow law • Railroad industry: wanted to break up the railroad trust that controlled high prices for customers • Trust: a group of companies in the same industry that set prices and reduce competition • Hogg thought the railroad trust was a monopoly • Monopoly: one company’s complete control over a type of product or service in a market • He fought for a state antitrust law to make monopolies illegal • Antitrust: opposed to large corporations that control or limit business activities

12. The Railroad Commission • Hogg was elected governor in 1890 • Also created reforms (Hogg Laws) • Forcing large corporations to sell land • Limited amount of debt a city could have • Increased school year from 4 to 6 months • Increased funding for schools/colleges • Changed way decisions were made about pardons for prisoners • Established the Texas Railroad Commission • To oversee all railroad activity in state…helped to lower prices, shipping costs, etc. The Railroad Commission also regulates the oil and gas industry in Texas.

13. Hogg and the Populists • Hogg was successful because of people’s belief in Populism • Populism: a political party for the common people that resulted in the formation of the People’s Party or Populists (1892) • This party helped mainly farmers and ranchers • The Populist Party: • Called for regulation of business • Public ownership of railroads, telephone/telegraph • Elimination of national banking system • Wanted public warehouses for crop storage till prices increased • Wanted labor reform • Wanted direct election of Senators • Wanted a Graduated Income Tax • Graduated Income Tax: a tax set according to how much a person earns

14. Hogg and the Populists, con’t • Populist Party never controlled Texas state government • But did have Populist senators, House of Representative members • National Democratic Party started adopting Populist Ideas • State economy did improve after Populist pressure • Read about “Miss Ima Hogg” on page 446

15. The Hogg Family Ima Hogg Governor James Hogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Jim_hogg.jpg/220px-Jim_hogg.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima_Hogg

16. Section 3Progressivism and James Ferguson During the early 1900s, populism expanded into the Progressive movement. Progressives wanted the government to operate more like a business. A number of politicians joined this effort, including controversial governor James E. Ferguson.

17. During 1900s, Populist ideas changed into Progressive movement • Progressives wanted government more like a business • Governor James Ferguson supported this idea • Reform began to spread to cities • Between 1890-1930s…cities grew rapidly…businesses grew and generated more taxes for Texas government • Beliefs about social, economic, and political reforms were known as Progressivism • Progressivism: social reform movement based on improving society through power of the government

18. Disaster Leads to Change • Hurricane at Galveston in 1900…wiped out most of city (see page 448) • People knew old style of government could not handle rebuilding of Galveston • Started a new style called a city commission • Commission: a group of government officials elected to perform specific duties • City commissioners made decisions about how to run the city • Very successful and adopted by other cities

19. Hurricanes and Humans Video

20. The Galveston Hurricane 1900 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Twisted_house,_Galveston_hurricane,_1900.jpg http://www.ritainfo.com/1900-galveston-hurricane.html

21. Progressives Push for Change • Created state banking system • Better conditions in Texas prisons • Better (more fair) way to tax property • Passed laws to have food/drugs inspected for safety before they could be sold • Texas labor laws changed • Number of hours a person could work in a day • Child Labor Laws • Kids under 12 could not work in industrial plants • Kids under 16 could not work in mines, distilleries, or breweries • Could not use blacklists to discriminate against labor unions • Blacklist: a list of persons who are to be punished or boycotted

22. “Farmer Jim” Takes Office • 1915…Jim Ferguson elected as governor • Lawyer and banker; no political experience • Campaign for governor focused on helping poor tenant farmers…where nickname came from • Did good things as governor • Limited amount of rent landowner could charge • Create State Dept of Forestry • Improved rural schools and increased funding for Texas colleges • Expanded labor laws and education reforms • But he made powerful enemies http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_E._Ferguson

23. Ferguson is Impeached • 2nd term as governor, got into verbal fight with University of Texas Board of Regents • They wouldn’t fire some professors who had opposed him in election • Ferguson vetoed university’s funding from state • So, impeachment process started • Charges were mainly over misuse of money • Impeach: to bring formal charges of misconduct against a public official to remove him from office • He resigned before he could be impeached but he was impeached anyway

24. African Americans Seek Reform • Things still weren’t good for many African Americans • Economic conditions were bad for them • Democrats did things to keep them from voting • Poll Tax hurt them because they couldn’t pay tax to vote • New laws were passed in 1910-11 that were unfair • Laws segregated waiting rooms, railroad cars, water fountains, restrooms, schools, hospitals, hotels, restaurants, etc • These laws were known as the Jim Crow Laws • To fight back, African Americans joined labor unions and formed the NAACP

25. Jim Crow Video

26. Hispanic Texans • Many Hispanics were victims of Jim Crow Laws • They faced discrimination just like African Americans