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Macromolecules

Macromolecules. Macromolecules :. Macro = large “A very large organic molecule (polymer) composed of many smaller molecules (monomers)” Each large molecule has its own set of building blocks 4 major groups (categories). Macromolecules: Four Groups. Lipids. Carbohydrates. Proteins.

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Macromolecules

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  1. Macromolecules CA Science Standards #1b, 1h

  2. Macromolecules: • Macro = large • “A very large organic molecule (polymer) composed of many smaller molecules (monomers)” • Each large molecule has its own set of building blocks • 4 major groups (categories)

  3. Macromolecules: Four Groups Lipids Carbohydrates Proteins Nucleic Acids

  4. Carbohydrates Wheat Grains

  5. Holt, Modern Biology Polysaccharides: the largest form of carbohydrate. • Composed of monosaccharides • i.e.: monosaccharides are the “building blocks”. • A few common ones:

  6. Holt, Modern Biology How to Make a Disaccharide • Slap together 2 mono’s • “Condensation Reaction” a.k.a., • “Dehydration Synthesis” • Glucose + Glucose = Maltose (+ water) "Slap" Mono Mono Di --> +

  7. Prentice Hall, Biology Another Disaccharide • Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose (+water) Disaccharide

  8. How to Make a Polysaccharide • Connect MANY mono’s • Keep on condensing (or dehydrating) Cellulose Magnified a jillion times (From a plant)

  9. Polysaccharide: Cellulose Magnified umpteen-thousand times Magnified not-so-much

  10. (From an animal) Polysaccharides: Glycogen and Starch Starch (from plants) has essentially the same structure as glycogen.

  11. Holt, Modern Biology How to break down a Disaccharide (or Polysaccharide) • Just add water • “Hydrolysis” reaction • Maltose (+water) = Glucose + Glucose Mono Mono Di "Rip"

  12. Prentice Hall, Biology Another Bust-up • Sucrose (+water) = Glucose + Fructose

  13. Review: draw in the products

  14. Three monosaccharides were bonded to produce a polysaccharide.

  15. Review: Draw in the products

  16. 2. Lipids • Composed of fatty acids and glycerol

  17. Lipids: Triglycerides • Useful for long-term storage of energy; warmth; organ protection (cushion) • What reaction took place?

  18. Lipids: Unsaturated Fats • Too much fat = bad (heart disease) • Unsaturated better than saturated • Unsaturated –> increase HDLs over LDLs

  19. Lipids: Phospholipids • Cell membranes, remember?

  20. Lipids: Steroids • Many animal hormones are steroids • E.g., testosterone • Cholesterol- needed by nerve cells Steroid

  21. 3. Proteins • Composed of amino acids • i.e.: the a.a. = “building blocks” • Amino acids are joined by peptide bonds • The string of peptides is also called a polypeptide • Needed for muscles, skin, cell membranes, and enzymes peptide bond

  22. 4. Nucleic Acids • DNA or RNA • Composed of nucleotides • i.e.: nucleotide = “building block” • 5 different nucleotides (5 diff. bases-ATCGU) • Stores and transmits genetic information. Who am I?

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