Foundations Unit Review 8000 BCE to 600 CE

1. Foundations Unit Review8000 BCE to 600 CE

2. Foundations Key Developments • Agricultural Revolution • Rise and fall of River Valley Civilizations • Rise and fall of Classical Civilizations • Spread of Religion • Interaction and Exchange

3. Agricultural Revolution 8000 BCE • Small groups of settlers grew into kinship-based villages that practiced crop cultivation and domestication of animals • Tools and inventions helped villages stabilize/grow • Did not happen at once - in many places at different times • Led to increased population and rise of civilizations • Separation developed between agriculturalists (civilizations) and pastoralist/nomadic peoples * Neolithic Revolution (New Stone Age)

4. Impact of Agricultural Revolution • Status of women in society declined • Women pre-farming were food gatherers, men hunted • After agriculture, political and economic lives controlled by men – community leaders, warriors, priest, traders, etc. • Formation of communities • People needed to work together – defense, irrigation • Complex religious rituals developed – nature worship • Environmental impact – land, water, animals

5. Rise of Civilizations • Agricultural surplus • Job specialization • Development of government • Social hierarchies and inequality • Advanced cities • Technology • System of writing

6. River Valley Civilizations 3000 BCE to 1500 BCE

7. River Valley Civilizations Egypt Regular flooding Village society Pharaoh as God-King Mesopotamia Chaotic flooding City-states Invasions Indus River Valley Trade with Mesopotamia and China Centralized political structure Shang China Oracle bones Dynastic Cycle Mandate of Heaven Isolated from other three

8. Mesopotamia 4000 BCE Culture • Bronze, copper • Wheel, irrigation canals • Cuneiform, number system • Architecture – ziggurats • Epic of Gilgamesh – epic tale Economy Trade Unpredictable flooding –need for irrigation Politics City-states Geography – lacked natural barriers, needed defensive walls Code of Hammurabi – law code King-like figure Social • Ruled by elite, rulers, priests • Farmed by slaves • Patriarchal but women could gain positions of power

9. Egypt 3000 BCE Culture • Pyramids, tombs • Hieroglyphics • Polytheism • Bronze tools and weapons • Papyrus • Calendar, weapons, math , astronomy Economy Trade with Kush, Mesopotamia Predictable flooding, irrigation Agricultural villages Politics Pharaoh – king, sun god Geography – protected from invasions Organized government Developed military Social • Social classes, could rise in status • Patriarchal but women had privileges • Queen Hatsheput

10. Indus Valley 1500 BCE Culture • Streets laid out in grid • Houses had running water/sewage • Writing system • Blend of Aryan and Indus Valley people Economy Active trade with Sumer Unpredictable flooding Politics Cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro tightly unified, centrally controlled Overtaken by Aryans Social Not as patriarchal Dravidians and Aryans Early caste system

11. Shang – Huang He valley 1600 BCE Culture • Writing • Bronze • Ironworking • Ancestor worship • Oracle bones Economy Some trade with SE and S Asia Unpredictable flooding Small agricultural cities on river Politics Dynastic cycle Central rule to oversee irrigation Mandate of Heaven Walled cities Social • Stratified structure – elites, artisans, peasants, slaves • Patriarchal • Preference for sons • Ancestor worship

12. Olmec Civilization in Americas1200 BCE • Did not develop along river valleys • Influenced later civilizations • art, religion, language, ball game • Technology adapted to their environment

13. ChavinCivilization in Americas900 BCE • Unique geography: lived on coast, in Andes Mountains, and in rainforest jungle • Influenced later civilizations • art, architecture, ruling structure, religion • Technology adapted to their environment

14. Fall of River Valley Civilizations(app. 1200 BCE) • One common feature is invasion by Indo-Europeans. • Another theory is interdependence; trade and contact meant they declined together (except China)

15. Classical Civilizations • Approx1000 B.C.E. - fifth century C.E. • China, India, and the Mediterranean • largest population concentrations in the world • built on achievements of the river-valley societies • not simple continuations of the earlier societies • governments had improved military - iron weaponry • larger political structures • improved on earlier agriculture, manufacturing, and city life • built more elaborate philosophical and religious systems • expanded mathematical and scientific knowledge

16. Classical China • Confucianism • Daoism • Legalism under Qin Dynasty (Shi Huangdi) • Tight control, harsh punishment, strong central government • Scholar bureaucrats • Patriarchal society • Silk Road trade

17. Classical China – Zhou, Qin, Han Qin 22- 202 BCE • Shi Huangdi – dictator • Centralized govt • Expanded territory • Defensive wall • Standard coins, laws, weights, measures • Legalism – state sponsored • Heavy taxes for peasants Zhou 1027 – 771 BCE • Mandate of heaven • Expanded territory • Bureaucracies • Standardized language • Philosophy • 500 BCE – internal conflict • Era of Warring States

18. Classical China – Zhou, Qin, Han Han 200 BCE – 220 CE • Expanded territory • Chinese civil service exam • “Han” refers to Chinese • Main goal – unifying China • Reestablished Confucianism • High taxes on peasantry • Internal power struggles

19. Classical India • Hinduism and caste system • Buddhism • Indian Ocean and Silk Road trade • Lack of centralized political system

20. Classical India – Mauryan and Gupta Mauryan Empire 321 to 185 BCE • Strong, central rule, bureaucracy • Promoted trade/communication • Greatest ruler –Ashoka • Converted to Buddhism • Pillar edicts • Promoted tolerance and harmony • Collapsed due to outside attack Gupta Empire 320 to 550 CE • Central government • Local lords, autonomy • Alliances and military conquests • Hinduism • Caste system • Cultural “golden age” • Slow decline due to outsiders

21. Classical Mediterranean • Polytheism • Philosophy • Move towards democracy

22. Classical Mediterranean Greek City-States 400 BCE • Independent, competing city-states due to geography • Polis = city-state • Oligarchies – elite rule • Transition to democracy • Athens and Sparta • Persian Wars • Golden Age of Pericles • Peloponnesian War • Alexander the Great spread Hellenistic culture

23. Classical Mediterranean Roman Republic and Empire 250 BCE to 475 CE • Republic: Senate and consuls • Aristocracy had power • Empire: bureaucrats, law code • Culture derived from Greece • Military power • Engineering and architecture (roads, aqueducts) • Dependence on slavery • Christianity

24. Trade in Classical Era Silk Roads • Made possible by camels / saddles • Important role played by central Asian nomads

25. Trade in Classical Era Indian Ocean • Lateen (triangular) sail made it possible to sail far from shore • Connected East Africa, Middle East, India, SE Asia and China

26. Fall of Classical Empires Common Causes • Invasion of Germanic tribes (Rome) or Huns (China and India) • Deterioration of political institutions • Expensive to protect/maintain borders Results • Not much impact on India: Hinduism and caste system continue • China entered period of chaos but Confucianism, Mandate of Heaven and Dynastic cycles continue • Rome broke into east and west • West disintegrated, never to reform. No great institutions like India or China to sustain it. • East became Byzantine Empire.

27. Belief Systems - Polytheism • Belief in many gods Neolithic Era • Animism, nature gods, ancestor worship • Priests had power, rituals important

28. Belief Systems - Judaism • First monotheistic faith Sumer by 1850 BCE • Hebrews  Jews • Abraham’s Covenant • Torah, Tanakh (Old Testament) • Not a missionary faith

29. Belief Systems - Hinduism • Aryan migration into India – approx. 1500 BCE • Polytheistic – gods & goddesses • Vedas & Upanishads – core texts • Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva • Reincarnation, karma, moksha • Reinforced caste system

30. Belief Systems - Buddhism • Ganges River Valley, India 6th Century BCE • Different forms have spread worldwide • Challenged hierarchy of India – no caste system • Founder: Siddhartha Gautama • Four Noble Truths, Eightfold path, enlightenment

31. Belief Systems – Confucianism • China – Warring States period 403 – 221 BCE • Not religious – instead an ethical code (secular) • No object of worship or rituals • Confucius 551 – 479 BCE • Analects = conversations • Five relationships, patriarchal

32. Belief Systems - Daoism • China Founder Lao Tzu – 604 BCE • Warring States period 403 – 221 BCE • Philosophy – way of nature, cosmos, “the way” • Wisdom and happiness through dao, harmony

33. Belief Systems - Christianity • Middle East Mid 1st Century CE • Jesus was a Jew – faith based on Judaism • Jesus was seen as the Messiah by followers • After executed by Roman officials, apostles spread faith

34. Diffusion of Belief Systems