Analysis of Targeted Emission-Reduction Possibilities in the El Paso del Norte

1. Analysis of Targeted Emission-Reduction Possibilities in the El Paso del Norte Teresa Montoya1, Ph.D., P.E.; Arturo Woocay2, Ph.D.; Jose Mares3, Ph.D.; Wen-Whai Li1, Ph.D., P.E. 1Dept. Of Civil Eng. UTEP; 2ITCJ; 3UACJ The 59th Meeting of the Joint Advisory Committee for the Improvement of Air Quality in the Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua / El Paso, Texas / Doña Ana County, New México Air Basin Cd. Juarez, Chihuahua/El Paso, Texas January 23, 2014

2. Acknowledgements This study was supported by a grant from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ). We thanks the following persons for making this study possible: • Stephen M. Niemeyer, P.E., TCEQ • Victor Valenzuela, Ph.D., formerly TCEQ • Gerardo Tarin, SEMARNAT • Julio Enrique Flores, Grupo de Cementos de Chihuahua (GCC) • Erick Ayala, Fernando Perez, and Samuel Hernandez; ITCJ • Marina Mendoza Fong, Eduardo Aguirre Zavala, JesúsAlarcónReyes, and José Manuel Pacheco Varela of UACJ • Mayra Chavez, UTEP Air Quality Research Group The contents of this report are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the TCEQ or UTEP

3. Four Targeted Source Categories • Fugitive PM emissions from unpaved roads • Fugitive PM emissions from a cement plant • VOC emissions from gasoline fueling stations • VOC emissions from automotive paint and body shops

4. 1. PM Emission form Unpaved Roads in Ciudad Juárez 1.1 Objective: Develop an estimate of PM contributions to ambient air as a result of traffic on unpaved roads in Ciudad Juarez and estimate the cost of paving and maintaining such roads.

5. 1.2 Road Dust Emission Scenarios • Vehicle –enhanced dust emissions from major streets • Vehicle –enhanced dust emissions from minor streets in residential neighborhoods • Direct emissions from vehicle tail pipes, tire and brake wear • Wind erosion from unprotected surface of unpaved roads

6. 1.3 Unpaved Roads Inventory IMIP unpaved/paved roads network TDM roadway network TDM network was aligned with the IMIP network. Minor arterial unpaved roads were identified 63% paved 37% unpaved

7. 1.4 Silt Loading Content and Soil Moisture • 10 soil sampling sites • Samples analyzed at UACJ Soil • Lab and Grupo LEC Laboratory The bottom bin, previously sifted ,is weighted. Securing the sieves in the sift. After the first 10 minutes of sifting the bottom end with the material that passed the 200 mesh is retired. • 10 soil sampling sites

8. 1.5 PM10 Emission Estimates

10. 1.7 Mitigation Strategies and Cost • Water or chemicals to increase moisture content • Paving • Paving costs estimated utilizing tables from IMIP • Two paving options: 5-cm and 15-cm depth asphalt • $482/m2 for 5-cm flexible pavement (Pesos) • $640/m2 for 15-cm concrete pavement (Pesos)

11. 2. PM Emission from the Ciudad Juárez Cement Plant 2.1 Objective: Develop an estimate of emissions from all PM generating processes at the combined quarry and rock-crushing facility and estimate possible reduction in PM emission considering operational modifications as control strategies.

12. 2.2 The Facilities

13. 2.3 The Operations

14. 2.4 The Process Flow Chart

15. 2.6 Itemized PM10 Emissions • Cement Plant Process PM Emissions • PM Emissions from Vehicle Movement on Unpaved Industrial Roads • PM Emissions from Vehicle Movement on Paved Roads • PM Emissions from Aggregate Handling and Storage Piles

16. 2.7 Summary of PM10 Emissions

17. 2.8 Possible Mitigation Strategies • Sanders et al 1997reported that the use of dust suppressants reduced fugitive dust emissions from unpaved roadways by 50 to 75% and was more protective of the roadway surface by reducing aggregate losses by 42 to 61%. • Depending on the cost of aggregates, the breakeven point for the ADT varies slightly. • The three recommended chemicals are: Lignosulfonate, CaCl2, and MgCL2

18. 2.9 Costs of Possible Strategies • Using this figure and an estimated of 1 mile of unpaved road within the Juarez cement plant, dust emissions from the unpaved road sections within the plant can be reduced by ~50% for a cost of $6,000. Costs for application of dust suppressants on unpaved roads in terms of average daily traffic (ADT), reproduced from Sanders et al (1997).

19. 3. VOC Emissions from Gasoline Fueling Stations 3.1 Objective: Update information on VOC emissions from gasoline fueling stations in Ciudad Juárezusing new survey on 10 percent of the stations.

20. 3.2 Gasoline Station Survey Background Information • PEMEX 2011 COA • ERG 2011 Study • Lorena Mendoza (MS Thesis, ITCJ; 2012) • A total of 171 stations Gasoline Station Survey • 17 stations • Information Collected • Interviewer’s basic information • Description and location of the fuel station • Operations information • Emission control practices • Notes and comments from the interviewer • Explanations of emission control practice

21. 3.4 VOC Emissions from Operations 1 VOC annual emissions at every stage (tons/year), developed using AP-42 2 Emissions calculated based on Magna gasoline sales data reported by PEMEX and in the surveys (in liters per month)

22. 3.5 VOC Emissions From Idling Vehicles Total VOC Emissions from Idling vehicles at Gasoline Stations, estimated using USEPA MOVES 2010 Model Number of vehicles waiting as well as vehicle waiting time as reported in the surveys

23. 3.6 Summary of VOC Emissions from Gasoline Stations • Stage 1 control reduces ~95% of the VOC emissions at a gas station • Most of the Juarez gas stations are equipped with Stage 1 control. • Cost for installing Stage 1 control is ~$10-15K per station • Juarez gas stations are not equipped with Stage 2 control • $40K per station for a maximum of 18 refueling guns for Stage 2 control (or ~$2.2K for installing 1 gas refueling gun)

24. 4. VOC Emissions from Automobile Paint and Body Shops 4.1 Objective: • Identify and quantify the VOC emissions from automotive paint and body shops in Ciudad Juárez • Recommend methods to reduce VOC emissions

25. 4.2 Auto Body Paint Shop Survey Background Information • UACJ 2011 • ERG 2011 • US EPA 1999 • Varying shop number and locations • Mostly small, family oriented operations Paint Shop Survey • 50 shops identified • 14 shops surveyed • Information Collected • Interviewer’s basic information • Description and location of the shop • Operations information • Emission control practices • Notes and comments from the interviewer • Explanations of emission control practice

26. 4.3 Use of Paint Guns and Booths

27. 4.4 VOC Emissions from Paint Shops • VOC Emissions from Painting in Ciudad Juarez • VOC Emissions from Solvent Use in Ciudad Juarez • Three Emissions Scenarios • Average Amount of paints and distillates as estimated from the survey • Maximum amount • Minimum amount

28. 4.5 Summary of VOC Emissions from Auto Paint and Body Shops • Relatively insignificant emissions • Difficult to regulate and control • Participation of local and State environmental authorities are critical for a timely, reliable shop emissions inventory • Good housekeeping at the shops is required • Financial subsidies would be most effective in promoting use of solvent recovery systems and paint guns

29. Questions and Comments? Thank you! wli@utep.edu