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NORTHERN IRELAND

Explore the complex history of Northern Ireland within the United Kingdom, from its colonization to present-day tensions between Protestants and Catholics. Learn about key events such as the Battle of Boyne and the division of Ireland in 1921. Discover how divided loyalties, unequal housing allocation, and employment disparities contribute to ongoing conflicts in the region.

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NORTHERN IRELAND

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  1. NORTHERN IRELAND

  2. Presently, UK An independent country

  3. HISTORY OF N.I. • United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland • UK : BRITAIN England, Scotland, Wales and N.I. • Let’s tour Britain.

  4. HISTORY OF N.I. • Before 12th century • In the 12th century • 1690 • 1800

  5. 12TH CENTURY • Before 12th century • N.I. & Republic of Ireland = IRELAND • In the 12th century • Ireland conquered and colonised by England Colonised!

  6. 1690 (17th CENTURY) • King James II of England, a Catholic • Forced to flee to north of Ireland. Why? • Because he failed to force Catholicism on the Protestants in England • There, he tried to defeat the locals • New King of England, William of Orange PROTESTANT arrived in north of Ireland and defeated King James • Battle of Boyne • King William remains a hero to Protestants to this day

  7. King James II: The Protestant do not accept Catholism. I have to flee. King William: I cannot allow this to happen. I’m bringing my men to go to north of Ireland to fight.

  8. Battle of Boyne King William crossing the river

  9. 17th CENTURY • 17TH century : England ruled Ireland • English landlords in Ireland • brought in Protestant Scottish and English settlers • To increase Protestant population there • Newcomers – settled in northern part of Ireland • Pushed out many local Irish Catholic farmers • Those Irish Catholics who stayed behind given least fertile lands • Northern part of Ireland thus became mainly Protestant

  10. Let me bring you over.

  11. 19th CENTURY • For years, Catholic Irish fought against Protestant Scottish and English settlers without success • 1800 : Ireland became part of UK • Hostilities between Catholics and Protestants did not end • Late 1800s : some local Irish demanded HOME RULE(like our concept of self-government) • Fighting often broke out

  12. 20th CENTURY • 1921 : Ireland divided into two separate parts • Based on majority religion of each part • Northern part PROTESTANT became known as NORTHERN IRELAND – remained part of UK • Southern part CATHOLIC became known as IRISH FREE STATE • Both had own Parliaments • But continued to recognise English monarchy and laws regarding foreign affairs • 1949 : Irish Free State cut ties with Britain • Became the REPUBLIC OF IRELAND

  13. 1921 1949 Irish Free State

  14. PEOPLE IN N.I. TODAY • 1993 : 1,000,000 Protestants • Mostly of English and Scottish origin • 600,000 Catholics • Mostly descendants of local Irish inhabitants

  15. THE N.I. GOVERNMENT • Since 1972 • Ruled directly by the British Parliament in London • British PM chooses a Secretary of State MINISTER for N.I. • N.I. Government in charge of finance, commerce, health and education • Britain in charge of foreign affairs and defence • Majority of ministers in N.I. Are Protestants

  16. THE PROTESTANT-CATHOLIC TENSION • Divided Loyalties • The Education System • Employment • Housing • Voting

  17. 1. DIVIDED LOYALTIES • In N.I. Most protestants regard themselves as British • Want the country continued as part of UK • Many afraid of union with the Republic of Ireland, a Catholic country • A Catholic government would not be tolerant of Protestant beliefs

  18. 1. DIVIDED LOYALTIES • Catholics in N.I. See themselves as Irish • Want to be united with Ireland • Resent past history of English conquest • Many Catholics massacred or treated harshly • Remembered long struggle for Home Rule

  19. 1. DIVIDED LOYALTIES • Protestants – celebrate battle of Boyne as a mark of protestant dominance • Usually march through Catholic residential areas • This sense of loyalty to different countries make them intolerant of each other

  20. Pause and Ponder • Go to your worksheet. • Under the factor ‘Divided Loyalties’, answer the following questions

  21. 2. UNEQUAL ALLOCATION OF HOUSING • Grievance : Provision of public housing by city councils PARTLY PAID FOR BY GOVT • Councils comprise largely Protestants • Catholics often delayed in getting public housing • 1968 : 71% of local houses in Dungannon given to Protestants but 53% of the people there were Catholics

  22. 2. UNEQUAL ALLOCATION OF HOUSING 2. HOUSING • Catholics frustrated – shortage of houses means they have to wait many years before getting own house • Thus find provision of housing unfair

  23. Pause and Ponder • Complete worksheet on ‘unequal allocation of housing’

  24. 3. UNEQUAL EMPLOYMENTOPPORTUNITIES • Competition for jobs • Catholics – feel that they do not have an equal chance of getting the jobs they want, even if they’re as qualified as the Protestants

  25. 3. UNEQUAL EMPLOYMENTOPPORTUNITIES 3. EMPLOYMENT • 1971 : Population survey • Catholics males 2 ½ times more likely to be jobless than Protestants males • No of Catholic engineers and civil servants – not proportionate to their numbers in N.I. • Fewer Catholics in senior positions in public and private sectors

  26. Pause and ponder • Complete worksheet on unequal employment opportunity

  27. 4. LACK OF VOTING RIGHTS • Before 1968 : Voting rights a problem • Each household – 2 votes • Companies • entitled to more votes • depended on size • Many companies owned by richer Protestants – thus had more votes • Voting districts often drawn to include a larger proportion of Protestants • Catholics were of course unhappy about this

  28. 4. LACK OF VOTING RIGHTS • Since 1969 : Everyone entitled to one vote • Must be a British subject and above 18 years old • Had to be born in N.I. • Or lived in UK for 7 years • Voting districts redrawn to ensure fairness

  29. 4. LACK OF VOTING RIGHTS • Voting rights no longer a problem today • But conflicts persist because other issues such as housing and employment not addressed

  30. Pause and Ponder • Complete worksheet on lack of voting rights

  31. 2. EDUCATION SYSTEM • Today, public schools are catered for Protestants only • Private schools that cater for CatholicsPARTLY FUNDED BY GOVERNMENT

  32. PROTESTANT CHILDREN Taught British history Play British sports – rugby, hockey, cricket Very loyal to Britain 2. EDUCATION SYSTEM • CATHOLIC • CHILDREN • Taught Irish history • Play Irish sports – hurling • Taught Irish language and culture • Regard Britain as a foreign country

  33. 2. EDUCATION SYSTEM • Mixed schools • Set up by private individuals • Not as popular, only 5% of school population • Result : Protestant and Catholic children rarely get to meet and know each other • Generations grow up to distrust each other • Makes them hostile to each other

  34. Separate residential area • Catholics and Protestants have been living in separate areas. • 1991 census, 63% of the population lived in areas that were predominantly Catholic or Protestant. • In 2001, this percentage has risen to about 66%

  35. Pause and Ponder • Complete worksheet

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