Verbs and Verb Tenses

1. Verbs and Verb Tenses

2. Action Verbs • Linking Verbs • Helping Verbs • Verb Phrases Verbs

3. Linking Verbs link the subject to its subject complement. • The subject complement identifies or describes the subject. • Subject Complements: • Predicate Adjective (describes subject) • Subject LV PA • Hannah is beautiful. • Predicate Noun (renames/identifies the subject) • Subject LV PN • Hannah is a student. Linking Verbs/Predicate Words

4. Action Verbs show physical or mental action. AV D.O. Physical Action: Bobby threw the ball. AV Mental Action: Bobby was thinking about the game. (“about the game” is a prepositional phrase, so you do not have a direct object). If you identify the verb as an action verb, then you may check to see if you have a direct object. Action Verbs and Direct Objects

5. Three steps to find a direct object: 1)Identify the verb as an action verb. 2) Say the verb out loud and say “What.” 3) The answer to the “What” question is your direct object, as long as, the word is a noun or a pronoun. **Only nouns/pronouns can be objects. Action Verbs and Objects

6. Transitive Verbs – an action verb that has a direct object. AV D.O. • Example: The daredevil spins his wheels.(transitive) • Intransitive Verb – an action verb that does not have a direct object. AV Prep. Phrase • Example: The daredevil spinsin midair. (intransitive) Transitive/Intransitive Verbs

7. Every verb has four basic forms called its principal parts: • 1) Present • 2) Present Participle • 3) Past • 4) Past Participle • **These principal parts are used to make all of the tenses of the verb. Principal Parts of Verbs

8. The present participle is formed from the present tense of the verb, plus the “ing” ending, and is preceded by a helping verb. Present Tense H V Present Participle • Example: succeed +ing = is succeeding • The past participle is formed from the past tense of the verb, preceded by some form of “have” helping verb. (have, has, or had) Past Tense Past Participle • Example: succeeded + HV = has succeeded Present/Past Participle

9. Regular Verb – verb whose past and past participle are formed by adding “ed” or “d” to the present tense. Present Past Past Participle • Example: sail, sailed, has sailed • Irregular Verb – verbs whose past and past participle forms are not made by adding “ed” or “d” to the present tense. Present Past Past Participle • Example: drink, drank, has drunk Regular/Irregular Verbs

10. There are three simple Tenses: • 1) Present - action is occurring now Example: The boy runs. • 2) Past- action occurred in the past Example: The boy ran. • 3) Future - action will occur in the future Example: The boy will run tomorrow. Simple Tenses

11. A progressive form of a verb expresses an action in progress. The progressive forms of the three simple tenses are used to show that actions were, are, or will be in progress. • To make the progressive form of a verb, add the present, past, or future form of “be” to the present participle (“ing” ending). • **Note: “be” verbs = is, am, are, was, were, etc. Progressive Tenses

12. The present perfect tense places an action or condition in a stretch of time leading up to the present. • Example: Many people have rafted through the grand canyon. • The past perfect tense places a past action or condition before another past action or condition. • Example: After the guide had straightened the raft, we entered the rapids. • The future perfect tense places a future action or condition before another future action or condition. • Example:We will have cleared many rapids before the trip ends. Perfect Tenses

13. To form the present perfect, past perfect, and future perfect, add the present, past, or future form of “have” to the past participle. (have, has, had) • In a perfect form, the tense of the helping verb “have” shows the verbs tenses. • Example: Present: I have rafted. Past: I had rafted. Future: I will have rafted. Forming the Perfect Tense

14. The present tenses convey actions that occur in the present. • Present Tense places action in the present Example: Tourists in India sightsee on the backs of elephants. • Present Perfect Tense places action in a period of time leading up to the present. Example: Indians have trained elephants for thousands of years. • Present Progressive form shows the actions in progress now. Example: Elephant handlers are continuing an old tradition. Present Verb Tenses

15. The past tenses convey actions that came to an end in the past. • Past tense shows actions that began and were completed in the past. Ex: In 218 B.C., Hannibal’s army crossed the Alps with elephants. • Past perfect tense places the actions before other past actions. Ex: Other generals had used elephants in war before Hannibal. • Past progressive forms show that the actions were in progress in the past. Ex: Hannibal was winning battle after battle. Past Verb Tenses

16. The future tenses convey actions that are yet to come. Future Tense shows that the actions have not yet occurred. Example: Maybe you will ride an elephant one day. Future Perfect Tense places the actions before other future actions. Example: With luck, people will have protected elephants from extinction. Future Progressive Forms show that the actions will be continuing in the future. Example: Elephant herds will be prospering with protection. Future Tenses

17. Lie and Lay: Lie means to “rest in a flat position.” (It doesn’t take an object) Lay means “to put or place” (It does take an object.) • Sit and Set: Sit means “to be seated.” (It doesn’t take an object) Set means “to put or place.” (It does take an object) • Rise and Raise Rise means “to move forward.” (It doesn’t take an object) Raise means “ to lift,” or to “bring up.” (It takes an object) • Let and Leave Let means “to allow.” Leave means “to depart,” or “allow something to remain.” Both “let” and “leave” take an object. Troublesome Verb Pairs