Balance of Power; Scientific Revolution, Enlightenment

1. Balance of Power; Scientific Revolution, Enlightenment McCluskey Global Studies

2. Friday, January 20th 2012 • FINAL organizer check of the year! (10pts) • GS 10: Turn in annotated bibliographies redux w/ revised topic and pledge • NOTES: Absolutism, cont: Tudors and Hohenzollerns • BRAINSTORM/NOTES: Balance vs. Hegemony; Balance of power in Europe • IF TIME: Scientific Revn. Intro • HW: Last current events review!

3. Monday, January 23rd2012 • Turn in final current events article review • Current Events discussion/state of the world check • HEADS UP: Daily Grade/Next year rec’s on Wed. • NOTES: Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment • 10 pt daily: “Match the quote to the philosophe” • Begin exam review • HW: LOOK OVER EXAM REVIEW, come in with TWO QUESTIONS!!!!

4. Balance of Power

5. Earlier upsets to European Balance of Power: • Catholicism rules the Western World • Martin Luther (1517- 95 theses) • Peace of Augsburg – 1555

6. Bourbons and Hapsburgs rule the Continent • Louis XIV (1643-1715) has grandson who will inherit Spain • Peace of Utrecht (1713) after the War of Spanish Succession- Spain and France forever divided

7. 1600’s: The Players HUGE DYNASTIES: • Hapsburgs (Spanish, Austrian) • Bourbons • Tudors Portugal Netherlands (“the Dutch”) Sweden Catholic Church AND…..Hohenzollerns

8. Where Would you guess the “Powder Keg” of Conflict would come from?

10. Holy Roman Empire • By 1600: • Peace of Augsburg = German Princes can choose between Lutheranism and Catholicism • Emperor chosen by ELECTORS – 7 head German Princes • Electors always choose a Hapsburg (Catholic!)

11. Imbalance = Calvanism, Hapsburg power • Hapsburgs try to force Catholicism

12. Regain balance = 30 Years War (1618-1648) Side One Side Two Catholic German Princes Austrian Hapsburgs Spanish Hapsburgs Protestant German Princes Sweden Denmark Dutch FRANCE!!!!! (CARDINAL Richilieu!!!)

13. Peace of Westphalia - 1648 • Hapsburgs: Keep Austria, Hungary, Bohemia, BUT LOSE POWER OVERALL • “Housekeeping” – Dutch Netherlands, Switzerland, Sweden gains land • 300 Independent German States recognized • Calvanism added to protected religions (not all!)

14. 30 –years war (1618-1648)

15. Europe After Peace of Westphalia: 1648

17. BUT….potential upset New Kid on the Block: PRUSSIA

18. Hohenzollerns OUTSTANDING MONARCHS:* • Frederick William (1640-1688)- “The Great Elector” Power: • OTHERS: • HUGE army (4th largest in Europe) • Draft • Junkers = officers

19. Frederick William I, cont. • ECON: • Got right to impose taxes from Junkers (noble landlords)for army • Avoided wars • Tight-fisted!!!!! • Recruited settlers • LOYALTY • Junkers don’t have to pay taxes, become officers, bureaucrats • They can do anything they want to serfs

20. Next Issue: Hapsburgs vs. Hohenzollerns • Already losing power, now Charles VI has no heir- just Maria Theresa • Persuades German princes to sign the Pragmatic Sanction to keep power • MARIA TERESA: • Legitimacy: her son, Joseph II • Loyalty: Hungarian nobles get rights protected

21. New Hohenzollern: Frederick The Great (1712-1786) • Prussia has big army, economy now • Frederick II (the Great) seizes Silesia (Iron, textile industry) • Refuses to accept Pragmatic Sanction

22. WAR OF AUSTRIAN SUCCESSION (1740-1748) Hungary Great Britain Dutch RESULT: ANTE BELLUM STATUES QUO….except Prussia keeps Silesia!!! Prussia France Spain

23. Scientific Revolution (1500-1800)

24. What did you used to believe when you were little?

25. Why did you believe it?

26. Medieval Thinking on Science: God knows best, and so He should - since He created everything. Where practical knowledge is required, there are ancient authorities whose conclusions are accepted without question - Ptolemy in the field of astronomy, Galen on matters anatomical. • Scholasticism (High Middle Ages): use logic to deeper your understanding of what you already know to be true…. (McCluskey definition)

27. Church authority on bodies: • Bodies are sacred- cannot be defiled through dissection • Mental illness = realm of religion, demons • Some things are just for God to know, not us

28. Classical Authority on Medicine: Galen • Humors: differences in human moods come as a consequence of imbalances in one of the four bodily fluids: blood, yellow bile, black bile, and phlegm.

29. Rx = bloodletting!

30. Galen, cont: • Classical authority on anatomy: • Dissected pigs, believed humans the same • Believed blood flowed to and from heart in “ebb and flow” motion

31. Scientific Revolution: What’s so “Revolutionary”???

32. Revolution = William Harvey • Harvey discovers blood is pumped through body by heart

33. Revolution anatomy = Vesalius

34. Astronomy: Medieval authority: Bible, church, Ptolemy • God made the Heaven and the Earth • God made everything “good” • Man messed up the earth, but not the heavens, therefore heavens are perfect: planets are perfect, ellipses are perfect circles • Ptolemy =

35. Ancient Authority: Ptolemy = geocentric universe

36. Ancient Authority: Aristotle Celestial Realm is unchanging Smart guy Got a lot right Got a lot wrong

37. Ptolemaic universe

38. Revolution • Question, observe, test, hypothesize, prove with MATH

39. Tycho Brahe • Start looking at stars, questioning Ptolemy, Aristotle • Heavens move!

40. Copernicus (1473-1543) • Heliocentric Universe- planets move in perfect circles

41. Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) • Planets move around sun in elliptical (not perfect circles!!!) orbits • Used math to prove

42. Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) • Telescope • Proves through observation what Kepler proved through math • Heavenly bodies not perfect!!!! • Put on trial, recanted, didn’t mean it

43. Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727) Universe is governed by NATURAL LAWS that can be proven by math

44. Sir Isaac Newton (1643-1727) NATURAL LAWS GOVERN THE UNIVERSE 3 Laws of Motion: 1. First law: The velocity of a body remains constant unless the body is acted upon by an external force 2. Second law: The acceleration a of a body is parallel and directly proportional to the net force F and inversely proportional to the mass m, i.e., F = ma. 3. Third law: The mutual forces of action and reaction between two bodies are equal, opposite and collinear.

45. So…what does this have to do with the Enlightenment???

46. The Enlightenment(1650-1800??) • Use the Scientific Method to apply to everything! • Religion • Human Nature • Economics • Government

47. Newton’s “Natural Laws”…. • …can be applied to lots of things: • Human nature • Government • Economics • religion

48. Who? • Upper class, Bourgeoisie • Philosophes met in salons to discuss and talk and talk and talk….or write letters to each other… • France, Germany, England, Austria…. • Often, lots of talk, little action • Often, some hypocrisy….

49. Enlightenment Activity: In pairs, spend 10 minutes fully reading the handout of quotes from famous Enlightenment thinkers, and be able to • Match the quote to the thinker • Explain WHY you chose the way you did • Explain what’s so “Enlightened” about the content • Share with class, discuss

50. To Know: • Hobbes vs. Locke: who had greater influence? Different Beliefs • Main beliefs/contributions of • Montesquieu • Rousseau • Diderot • Adam Smith • Voltaire