Anno Accademico 2013-2014 LINGUA INGLESE II annualità Scienze della Mediazione Linguistica

1. Anno Accademico 2013-2014 LINGUA INGLESE II annualità Scienze della Mediazione Linguistica Students: M-ZIntroducing Translation: theoretical aspects and English-into-Italian practice. Prof. Paola Brusasco

2. Orario e calendario delle lezioni • Mon – Wed – Thu 6.00 – 8.00 p.m. • Starting: Feb 10 • Total lessons: 54 hours _______________ Office hours: Thu 5.15-6.00 pm (on appointment) Palazzo Nuovo, 3rd floor, room 22 Contacts: paola.brusasco@unito.it

3. Programma del Corso Il corso costituisce un'introduzione alla traduzione, evidenziandone la complessità e la dimensione interdisciplinare e avviando gli studenti alla pratica traduttiva. Le lezioni, in inglese, forniranno una rassegna delle principali teorie della traduzione, soffermandosi soprattutto sugli approcci più recenti, sul controverso concetto di equivalenza e sulla varietà di effetti che scelte traduttive diverse possono produrre. Particolare attenzione sarà dedicata ad aspetti di linguistica finalizzati all'analisi lessicale, sintattica, pragmatica e testuale quale fase preparatoria alla pratica della traduzione.

4. L'attività didattica sarà completata – in aula e a casa – da esercitazioni pratiche che prevedono approfondita analisi linguistico-testuale, comparazione di testi tradotti preesistenti, traduzione e discussione delle scelte traduttive. Il lavoro si svolgerà su testi di varia tipologia, per lo più scritti, e sarà volto a identificarne caratteristiche e difficoltà per adottare le strategie più consone.

5. Propedeuticità • Per sostenere l'esame gli studenti devono aver terminato l'esame di Lingua Inglese I in tutte le sue parti (Lingua inglese e lettorato), e aver superato la prova di lettorato II • Gli studenti devono possedere una buona competenza della lingua inglese

6. Obiettivi di apprendimento Il corso costituisce un'introduzione alla teoria della traduzione e un avviamento alla pratica della traduzione inglese-italiano in ambito non specialistico. Il percorso è volto al raggiungimento di conoscenze e competenze di vario genere: consapevolezza della complessità dei processi di interpretazione, contestualizzazione e produzione propri della traduzione; conoscenza degli sviluppi storici del dibattito culturale sulla traduzione; conoscenza delle principali teorie contemporanee della traduzione e degli approcci più recenti;

7. padronanza dei principali strumenti di analisi linguistico-testuale da utilizzare in preparazione al processo traduttivo; conoscenza delle principali problematiche relative alla traduzione audiovisiva; conoscenza di alcuni strumenti multimediali utili nella pratica traduttiva; capacità di riconoscere le tipologie testuali dei testi di partenza e utilizzare le convenzioni proprie della lingua di arrivo in funzione della tipologia testuale corrispondente o richiesta; capacità di tradurre testi di vario genere in modo adeguato, senza errori di comprensione né di lingua italiana.

8. BIBLIOGRAFIA Brusasco, Paola (2013). Approaching Translation. Theoretical and Practical Issues. Torino: Celid. Pulcini, Virginia, (a cura di) (2009). A Handbook of Present-day English. Roma: Carocci (Ch. 1 - Text linguistics) Bassnett, Susan (2004). Translation Studies. London: Routledge. (cap. 2 - History of Translation Theory) Tymozcko, M. (2010). Translation, Resistance, Activism. University of Massachusetts Press. (Ch. 1 – Translation, Resistance, Activism: An Overview) Schäffner, C. (1997). “Strategies of Translating Political Texts”, in Trosborg, A. (ed), Text Typology and Translation, Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Mason, Ian, (2004), “Textual practices and audience design: an interactive view of the tourist brochure”, in Navarro Errast M. P., Lorés Sanz, R., Murillo Ornat S., Pragmatics at Work. The Translation of Tourist Literature, Bern: Peter Lang. I testi sono stati messi in riserva nella Biblioteca del Dipartimento.

9. Modalità d’esame Prova scritta • - due domande di argomento teorico (in inglese) • - un brano da tradurre (En-It) • Per chi non ha l'italiano come L1: una domanda di argomento teorico e un'analisi del testo, in inglese. Il programma sarà valido per 1 anno, fino alla sessione invernale 2015. Da maggio 2015 il programma dovrà essere aggiornato L’esame si può sostenere solo 1 volta per sessione

10. Registrazione dell’esame • Il voto finale viene integrato con il risultato della prova propedeutica II. È obbligatorio sostenere la prova propedeutica prima dell’esame di Lingua Inglese II. • Si ricorda che non si può sostenere l’esame di Lingua Inglese II senza aver superato in tutte le sue parti (Lingua e lettorato) e registrato sul libretto l’esame di Lingua Inglese I.

11. INTRODUCTION What do we mean by TRANSLATION?Can we always translate?Universalism?Language/culture?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x-Iff3AzsOg(M. Dube, 2012)

12. LANGUAGE AND CULTURE TRANSLATIONIS 1) The transfer of meaning contained in one set of language signs into another set of language signs through competent use of the dictionary and grammar (linguistic definition) 2) translating culture Sapir: L = guide to social reality + medium of expression for a certain society Human beings' experience largely determined by their language LANGUAGE = modelling system Language and culture necessary to each other's existence (Sapir – Whorf - Lotman)

13. TRANSLATION AS EQUIVALENCE: some linguistic-oriented translation theories of the 20th century

14. Word as UNIT OF TRANSLATION variously related to Saussure's notions of • SIGNIFIER/SIGNIFIED (ARBITRARINESS) • LANGUE/PAROLE culture-bound culture + context-bound frequent lack of one-to-one matching pairs between languages + possible differences in categorizing/describing the world, e.g. Era circondato dai suoi nipoti. He was surrounded by his grandchildren “ “ “ grandsons “ “ “ nephews “ “ “ nephews and nieces

15. COMPONENTIAL ANALYSIS “A technique of semantic analysis that examines the basic meaning components of a word and allows contrast with other terms in the same semantic field” (Katan 2004: 38) based on binary opposition • BACHELOR = + human + male, - married generally valid, but contextualized instances need to be considered (e.g., the Pope) • Co-text + context necessary to better define meaning.

16. Jakobson, “On Linguistic Aspects of Translation” (1959)(equivalence in difference) In interlinguistic translation full equivalence between code-units is an exception, not the rule BUT “all cognitive experience and its classification is conveyable in any existing language” (1959: 238) GAPS in lexis can be filled (paraphrase) non-matching syntax more complex (syntax resists innovation and circumlocution, and it's about aspects of experience that must be expressed in a language • Languages differ essentially in what they must convey and not in what they may convey

17. She has brothers If translated into a language that differentiates between dual and plural forms > “she has either two or more that two brothers” overtranslation/hypertranslation > is it necessary? So > “substitute messages in one language not for separate code-units but for entire messages in some other language” (1959: 233) Translation = two equivalent messages in two different codes Hence, equivalence is impossible > emphasis on adequate interpretation > equivalence in difference

18. Vinay and Darbelnet (1954):pursuing equivalence through comparative stylistics One source text > many target text = insufficient analysis of the circumstances of translation Taxonomy of language items FR/EN, in order “to examine how the constituents parts of a system function when they render ideas expressed in the other language” A Methodology for Translation Direct translation (literal translation possible) Oblique translation (changes in syntax or lexis needed)

19. DIRECT TRANSLATION BORROWING: foreign word enters TT (muffin, wi-fi, governance, pizza, opera, mafia, etc.) CALQUE: literal rendering of lexical item or structure (politicamente corretto; realizzare; dannato) LITERALTRANSLATION: direct transfer of ST into grammatically and idiomatically appropriate TT; adherence (full sentence, not just single item). (Fairly frequent in technical texts; careful not to allow the familiarity with EN to interfere with IT)

20. OBLIQUE TRANSLATION (1) TRANSPOSITION: change in word class without changing the meaning (Non tollereremo più i Suoi ritardi > Your being late will no longer be tolerated; this is a writer who uses language in beautifully surprising ways >....) Sometimes inevitable, sometimes a choice BUT: resulting text may have different effect: e.g. More verbs > more dynamic sense of progression of the text; more nouns > more reflective, static or abstract character; Plus: agency > nominalization may delete subjects, hence responsibility

21. OBLIQUE TRANSLATION (2) MODULATION: a variation of the form of the message through a change in the point of view Inevitable > I like coffee > Mi piace il caffè. Optional: It is not easy > Non è facile (è difficile) BUT: “difficile” implies “non facile”; “non facile” does not imply “difficile” • He was fired > E' stato licenziato (result) (l'hanno licenziato) (action) EQUIVALENCE: replacing a SL statement with a TL statement referring to same situation or expressing same idea, even without formal/semantic corrispondence Yours faithfully; the straw that broke the camel's back.

22. OBLIQUE TRANSLATION (3) ADAPTATION: extreme limit = bridging the gap Trying to reproduce analogous situation in TT by resorting to something that – although not strictly present in the ST – can produce the same effect in the target culture. (Nida's seal i/o lamb; film dubbing) Not so frequent now due to globalization + new media; also frowned upon because domineering, appropriating, homogenizing otherness; artificiality

23. NIDA AND TABER: equivalent effect Indebted to Chomsky' generative-transformational grammar (deep structure made of x number of kernel sentences – simple, active, declarative – changed through transformational rules into various other forms > surface structure. Dissatisfied with literalism > reader's response Functional definition of meaning: a word acquires meaning in context + can produce different responses in different cultures REFERENTIAL MEANING /EMOTIVE MEANING (denotation) (connotation)

24. Nida's Techniques to assist translators in disambiguation HIERARCHICAL STRUCTURING:differentiate according to levels, i.e. superordinate - hyponym) COMPONENTIAL ANALYSIS: identify features through binary opposition (+/-) SEMANTIC STRUCTURE ANALYSIS: visual mapping of polysemous words (e.g. Spirit), according to their characteristics (human/non-human; good/bad; abstract/concrete...)

25. Nida's equivalence FORMAL CORRESPONDENCE: TT is strongly oriented towards ST syntax and lexis (accuracy + possible footnotes/glosses) It may distort syntax + style patterns of TL, which may distort message or create hard work for the reader DYNAMIC EQUIVALENCE: equivalent effect on receptor. Form may change, but contextual consistency is preserved (lamb/seal) A translation should: 1) make sense; 2) convey the spirit and the manner of the original; 3) have a natural and easy form; 4) produce similar receptor's response

26. Word-for-word equivalence > downsized Receptor's response > highlighted Criticism: can effect be measured? Who is the receptor? Far-away cultures and/or remote times? Receptor's response important for proselytizing > ethics?

27. Koller's equivalence 5 TYPES of equivalence: 1) DENOTATIVE E. : related to equivalence of extralinguistic content of a T (content invariance – real world) 2) CONNOTATIVE E. : related to lexical choices, esp. between near-synonyms – formality, social usage, regional variation... 3) TEXT-NORMATIVE E. : related to text types and their conventions (see Reiss Ch. 5) 4) PRAGMATIC E. : oriented toward receiver (also communicative e. or Nida's dynamic e.) 5) FORMAL E. : related to form + aesthetics of T, e.g. word play + single stylistic features of ST. (expressive e. - reproduced or re-created). Equivalences need to be hierarchically ordered according to communicative situation (how? Open to debate) > pragmatic differences between cultures.

28. Otto Kade Total equivalence. fully identical pairs – technical terminology Optional equivalence: one-to-several correspondence > stufa – sotage heater, stove, heater; wall > muro – parete Approximate equivalence: one-to-part-to-one correspondence > brassica, nuts; nipote. Zero equivalence: culture-specific items, or new inventions temporarily existing in one L only (Fairly suitable view in relation to specialized languages. Hardly tenable for general L.)