AP Psychology

1. AP Psychology Intro To Psychology

2. Memory Stress Therapy Love Persuasion Hypnosis Perception Death Conformity Creativity Learning Personality Aging Intelligence Sexuality Emotion happiness …mental illness Sensation Biological elements Treatment of disorders What is psychology all about?

3. Link to good info

4. Psychology • Psych is a science and a profession- • Uses Scientific collection/observation of data • In order to answer questions about behavior. • “Scientific Study of behavior and mental processes.” • To answer questions about the mind and behavior. • Psychologists try to solve problems.

5. Psychologists • Describe (observe) • Understand Behavior • (Causes) • Predict • (Forecast) • Control

6. Behavior • Is anything you do, eating, sleeping, talking (Psychology endeavors to explain behavior, causes, motivations) • Overt behavior- • Observable actions & responses • Covert behavior- • Private internal activities (thinking remembering)

8. Chapter 1 History and Approaches • Module 1 “Psychology’s History” • Module 2 “Psychology’s Big Issues and Approaches” Pages 9-19 • Module 3 “Careers in Psychology” Pages 20-28 • Module 5 The Scientific Method and Description Pages. 38-45 • Module 6 Correlation and Experimentation Pages 46-55 • Module 7 Statistical Reasoning in Everyday Life Pages 56-63 • Module 8 Frequently Asked Questions About Psychology Pages 64-69

9. Approaches to Psychology (AP Outline) • Biological • Behavioral • Cognitive • Humanistic • Psychodynamic • Socio-cultural • Evolutionary

10. History of Psych: Family Album • 1879- Wilhelm Wundt- “Father of Psychology” • Identified Introspection (looking inward) as a way to understand sensation, feelings, images, personal experiences • Used experimentalself-observation- made psychology a science Web site

11. History of Psych: Family Album • 1880’s EdwardTitchener • Followed up Wundt’s ideas and found Structuralism- “of the mind” • A structure of mental life, “building blocks” • Identified parts of the mind. • Will later be discredited • Used introspection • Asked participants to relate experiences with sensations • Used science- stimulated the subjects- and asked questions

12. History of Psych: Family Album • 1890- William James- founded Functionalism- “of the mind” • Questioned, how the mind helped us survive, adapt- habits, perceptions, emotions, related to survival? • Adapt, consciousness

13. Gestalt Psychology= Max Wertheimer • Said it was a “mistake to analyze psychological events into pieces.” • “the whole pattern or form” – German • Approach to psychology where the whole of psychology is used to understand behavior. • Uses thinking, learning, problem solving, social behavior, and perception to understand behavior • “The whole is greater than the sum of its parts.”

14. Psycho-Analysis Freud Ice Berg Metaphor Conscious Unconscious Repression Psycho Therapy Personality- Ego, Id, Super-Ego Freudian Slip Psycho-Sexual Stages of Development Anal, Phallic, Latent, Genital, Oedipal Complex Psycho-Dynamic Psychology

15. Neo-Freudians • Psychoanalytical- exploring the unconscious causes of behavior • Adler web site • Horney • Jung • Rank • Erikson

16. Humanistic Psychology • Tries to understand subjective human experience • Problems, ideals and potentials • Carl Roger and Abraham Maslow • Stress free will= choice • Not deterministic • Environment does impact behavior but people can improve • Attainment of needs are the basis of healthy psych

17. Humanistic • Each of us is motivated by needs. • Needs for- love, self esteem, belonging,

18. Behaviorism • The study of observable behavior • 1920’s- John B. Watson- Rejected introspection • Believed in observing behavior • Stimuli: i.e., environmental aspects • Responses: muscles, glands • Believed in Pavlov’s experiments with dogs- concept of Classical Conditioning to explain behavior (1849

19. Who Said This? • Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select – doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief and, yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors. I am going beyond my facts and I admit it, but so have the advocates of the contrary and they have been doing it for many thousands of years. • Little Albert

20. Behaviorism • B. F. Skinner- 1950’s • Ignored the role of thinking and mental processes • Found environmental factors • Reward = positive reinforcers • Related to learning • Found laws of behavior apply to animals and humans

21. “Skinner Box” • Used experiments to study behavior of rats • Operant Conditioning- “A behavioral response has an environmental outcome” • Push a button -----get some food.

22. Behavior Modification • Uses conditioning principles • Concept says, problems are the product of learned habits • Learned habits can be un-learned by behavioral methods. • Stimulus and response

23. Cognitive Psychology • Mental Processes • Problem Solving • Thinking processes • Consciousness • Perception • Memory • Language • Attention • Judgement • Decision Making • Intelligence

24. Cognitive Behaviorism

25. Nature/Nurture • “Nurture works on what nature endows” • Big question • What is the seat of behavior, Genetics or Environment?

26. Evolutionary • Darwinian theory • “Changes in life forms that occur over many generations” • Natural selection (in psych) • Genes • “Genes that result in characteristic and behaviors that are adaptive and useful in a certain environment will enable the creatures that inherited than to survive and reproduce…” • The behavior of animals and humans today is the resulted evolution through natural selection • Examples: • Cooperation is an adaptive survival strategy • Aggression as a form of territory protection • Gender differences in male selection – preferences reflect strategies that have been successful in previous generations

27. Eclectic Psychology • Psychodynamic • Behavioristic • Humanistic • Cognitive • Bio-psychological

28. Biopsychosocial • The combination of

29. Developmental Psychology • Age Related behavior changes • Researches: • Bio/psycho/social • Cognitive changes over human lifespan

30. Eric Erikson WEB • Neo-Freudian • Theory of Psycho-Social Stages of Development • Erikson's stages of  development, is a psychoanalytic theory which identifies eightstages through which a healthily developing human should pass from infancy to late adulthood.”

31. Cultural Issues in Psychology • Psychology is dependent on culture • Cultural Relativity: Behavior that is acceptable in one culture may be abnormal in another. • Social Norms- impact the view of behavior. • Rules that define acceptable behavior

32. Psychologists/Researchers • Use Scientific Method- Process for evaluating ideas using observation and analysis. • Observation • Hypotheses • Gather evidence • Test hypotheses • Publish Results • Look for cause and effect relationships in for behavior

33. Scientific Method • Making observations • Defining a problem • Proposing a hypothesis • Is a testable prediction, based on a theory • It is very specific about results that support and oppose a theory. • Gathering evidence/testing the hypothesis • Naturalistic Observation, Survey, Experiments • Publishing results

35. Research Methods in Psychology (AP Outline) • Descriptive, Correlational and Experimental Methods • Operational Definition • Population/Sample • Random Sample • Representative Sample • Replication • Reliability • Case Study • Descriptive Methods • Correlational Methods • Illusory Correlation • Correlation Coefficient • Experiential Methods • Naturalistic Observation • Observer Effect • Surveys • Statistics • Ethics in Research

36. Descriptive Methods Correlational Methods Associate different factors or variables Anything that contributes to a result Experimental Methods Manipulates variables to discover their effects • Describes behavior • Case studies • Surveys • Naturalistic observation

37. Case Studies • Single Subject – person • In-depth study of all aspects of a single subject (not an experiment) • Example of Phineas Gage- http://www.damninteresting.com/?p=231

38. When Dr. John Martyn Harlow arrived, Phineas was conscious and had a regular heartbeat, and both of his pupils reacted to light normally. He was reported to be "in full possession of his reason, and free from pain." He was under the care of Dr. Harlow for ten weeks, at which point he was sent home to Lebanon, New Hampshire. But while he was recovering, the doctor noted some changes in the man's demeanor and personality. People who had known him before the accident described him as hard-working, responsible, and popular with his workers, but after the traumatic injury, Phineas Gage was not the same man. • In regards to his patient, Dr. Harlow wrote: • Gage was fitful, irreverent, indulging at times in the grossest profanity (which was not previously his custom), manifesting but little deference for his fellows, impatient of restraint or advice when it conflicts with his desires, at times pertinaciously obstinate, yet capricious and vacillating, devising many plans of future operations, which are no sooner arranged than they are abandoned in turn for others appearing more feasible. A child in his intellectual capacity and manifestations, he has the animal passions of a strong man. Previous to his injury, although untrained in the schools, he possessed a well-balanced mind, and was looked upon by those who knew him as a shrewd, smart businessman, very energetic and persistent in executing all his plans of operation. In this regard his mind was radically changed, so decidedly that his friends and acquaintances said he was 'no longer Gage'.

39. Naturalistic Observation • Descriptive Method • Records behavior in natural environment • Only describes behavior not causation • Example- chimpanzees in the Jungle

40. Observer Effect • Observer Effect: Problem when subjects are aware of the observation, behavior may be influenced. • Example: People being observed for study habits when they know they are being observed will tend to do more (thus changing their behavior, which will skew the study)

41. Observation Bias • Problem when researchers consciously or inadvertently influence the collection of data or observations. • Example: Researcher is trying to prove their theory by shaping the collection of data.

42. Sample • Population • The group the study is examining • Sample: are the representation of the larger population being studied • Random Sample • Fairly represents a population • Sample Bias • Unrepresentative sample

43. Anthropomorphic Error or fallacy • Error in identifying human attributes to animals • Example: identifying thoughts, feelings to behavior of animals

44. Experimental Psychology • Used to answer the why questions in psych • Experiments are formal trials to confirm or disconfirm hypothesis

45. Correlational Studies • Studies that try to isolate behavior causation and the relationship between variables • Finds the degree of relationship between two variables or traits. • Results of data are expressed or reported in a Coefficient of Correlation

46. Coefficient of Correlation • Data that determines association of at least two variables • Expressed: If 0 = then association is nonexistent or weak If +1.00 = Perfect Positive Correlation= Increase in one trait correlates to increase in other. If -1.00 = Perfect Negative = increase in trait and decrease in the other trait

47. Scatterplots • Represents values of two variables • Slope: • Direction of the relationship • Perfect Positive • High level of relationship • Tend to rise together • Negative Correlation • If two sets of scores relate inversely • One set goes up the other goes down

48. Illusory Correlation • Perception of a relationship where non-exists

49. Experiments • Are needed to isolate cause and effect • Manipulates variables • Isolates the effects of one or more variables

50. 3 Types of Experiment Variables • “Manipulate the independent variable, measure the dependent variable” • Independent Variables • Suspected cause of behavior • Conditions altered by experimenter • The experimental factor (variable) that is manipulated, it’s effect is being measured. • Dependent Variables • Measures the results of experiment • Reveals the effects of Independent variable on behavior • Extraneous Variable • Outside variable – the researchers try to exclude from consideration