STANDARD I: The student will recognize correct grammar and usage.

1. STANDARD I: The student will recognize correct grammar and usage. OBJECTIVE 2: Identify correct verb forms.

2. Verbs • A verb is a word that expresses action or a state of being and is necessary to make a statement. • walk, run, talk, fly, eat • A verb has the ability to express time – present, past, and future – by means of tense. • We hear a car outside. (present) • We heard a car outside. (past) • We will hear a car outside. (future) • The wind howled furiously, while thunder crashed and lightning flashed across the sky.

3. Perfect Tenses • The perfect tenses use the helping verbs had, have, has, and will have as part of the verb phrase. • Jesse had finishedthe race before Carl arrived. (Past Perfect) • Jesse has run in the race every year. (Present Perfect) • Jesse will have runin the race by this time tomorrow. (Future Perfect)

4. Progressive Tenses • The progressive tenses use the helping verbs am, is, are, was, were, will be, have been, has been, or will have been with the –ing form of a verb. • Jesse was runningin the race when I was still asleep. • Jesse is running in the race now. • Jesse will be running in the race tomorrow. • Jesse had been running in the race when Carl arrived. • Jesse has been running for over an hour. • In two minutes, Jesse will have been running for an hour and a half.

5. Verbs • An action verb tells what someone or something does. • The huge lineman lead the charge through the defense. (Physical) • The coaches plan the team’s strategy before each game. (Mental) • Types of Verbs: • Action • Transitive verb • Intransitive verb • Linking

6. Action Verbs • A transitive verb is an action verb that is followed by a word or words that answer the question what? Or whom? • Jill usually ate her sandwich in the cafeteria. (Sandwich tells what Jill ate.) • An intransitive verb is an action verb that is not followed by a word that answers the question what? Or whom? • Jill ate right before class today. (Right before class today tells when Jill ate.)

7. Linking Verbs • A linking verb links, or joins, the subject of a sentence (often a noun or pronoun) with a word or expression that identifies or describes the subject. A linking verb does not show action. Only linking verbs can be followed by a predicate adjective. • The most commonly used liking verb is be in all its forms—am, is, are was, were, will be, has been, was being. • I am a musician. • That singer is an artist. • The days were hot. • Those are mosquitoes.

8. Verb Phrases • A verb phrase consists of a main verb and all its auxiliary, or helping verbs. • The forms of be and have are the most common auxiliary verbs. They help the main verb express the various tenses. • I am walking. • I have walked. • I had been walking.

9. Auxiliary Verbs

10. Correct Verb Forms • A regular verb is one forms its past and past participle by adding d or ed to the infinitive form. • walk-walked, ease-eased • An irregular verb is one that forms its past and past participle in some way other than the regular verb. • drink, drank, have drunk • Catch, caught, have caught

11. Irregular Verbs

12. Correct Verb Forms • Avoid the use of would have in “if” clauses expressing the earlier of two past actions. Use the past perfect tense - had + verb. • If she had run just a little faster, she would have won the race.

13. Standard I: Objective 1 Correct Verb Forms • Choose the correct word or words to complete the sentence. After the next lap, I a hundred meters. • swam • have swum • am swimming • will have swum D

14. Standard I: Objective 1 Correct Verb Forms • Choose the sentence that contains an error. • Did he catch that fly ball? • He wore his new jeans today. • Have the children drunk their milk? • They tooked a trip to La Grange, Georgia. D

15. Standard I: Objective 1 Correct Verb Forms 3.Choose the sentence that is written correctly. • I brung my camera to take your picture. • Is the ice cream still froze, or is it melting? • He knowed the answer but didn’t raise his hand. • The dog chased the children as it ran through the park. D

16. Standard I: Objective 1 Correct Verb Forms • Choose the sentence in which the underlined word or words are written correctly. • After they ate lunch, Tim and Max will walk to the park. • When Mary had completed the assignment, she submitted her portfolio. • Because the stadium was very hot, many fans are leaving the game early. • If Angelica would have studied more, she would have made better grades. B

17. Standard I: Objective 1 Correct Verb Forms 5. Choose the sentence in which the underlined word is an error. • Neither Brenda nor Larry like popcorn. • Some of the children eat pizza for lunch. • Both Derrick and Katie run in the morning. • Either my cat or my dogs stole the chicken off the table. A

18. STANDARD I: The student will recognize correct grammar and usage. OBJECTIVE 3: Recognize subject-verb agreement.

19. I-3 Subject Verb Agreement • A sentence consists of a subject and a verb. (Sentences may contain more than one subject and verb.) • A noun that refers to one is singular in number; a noun that refers to more than one is plural in number. • A verb must agree with its subject in person and number. • The subject of the sentence must agree with corresponding verb of the sentence. • Singular verbs end in -s

20. I-3 Subject Verb Agreement Pronoun You & I • Even though the pronoun you can be singular, it always takes a plural verb. • Yousit in that seat every day. • Youfind your seats by number. • Itakes a plural action verb. • Ilove strawberries. • Iteach English II and III at Brewer High School.

21. Singular & Plural Subjects and Cases

22. I-3 Subject Verb Agreement • The number of the subject is not changed by intervening phrases or clauses. • Our math class, along with Mrs. Smith’s science class, goes to lunch at 11:30. • Be careful to see who or what is doing the action or is being. • One of my friends is going. • Oneof my friendsis going. (The subject is one, not friends. One is singular so you choose is going, not are going.)

23. I-3 Subject Verb Agreement • Compound subjects are two or more subjects joined by and, or nor. • Subjects joined by and are usually plural and take plural verbs. • My friend and Iare going. EXCEPTION – Apple pie and ice creamis my favorite dessert. Ham and eggsis my favorite breakfast. Marconi and cheeseis on the menu. Chicken and dumplingsis on the menu at Cracker Barrel. (Its parts belong to one unit or they both refer to the same person or thing.)

24. I-3 Subject Verb Agreement Compound Subjects: • When subjects are joined by orornor, the subject closer to the verb determines whether the verb is singular or plural. • Either the teacher or the studentis responsible. • Neither the teacher nor the studentsare responsible. • Either the students or the teacheris responsible.

25. I-3 Subject Verb Agreement • All pronouns ending in –body or –one are always singular. “One” is also singular. • Each of the pets is fed separately. • Neitheris in the classroom.

26. I-3 Subject Verb Agreement • The following words are always plural – several, few, both, many, others. • Manyare becoming endangered. • Several of the players eat spaghetti before every game. • Both of the deer were caught in the headlights. • Few of the plans have been changed.

27. I-3 Subject Verb Agreement • The words some, any, none, all, most may be either singular or plural depending on the meaning of the sentence. • Most of the nation is in agreement. • Most of the countries areattending the conference. • Some of the trees were infested with pine beetles. • Some of the butter is used to grease the pan.

28. I-3 Subject Verb Agreement • Singular subjects joined by orornor generally take a singular verb. • Neither the snow nor the ice keeps the postal carrier at home.

29. I-3 Subject Verb Agreement • When a singular subject and a plural subject are joined by orornor; the verb agrees in number with the subject nearer to the verb. • Neither Sam nor his brothersregret the incident.

30. I-3 Subject Verb Agreement • With inverted word order, be careful to find the subject and make sure that the verb agrees in number. • Here is your key. • Here are your keys.

31. I-3 Subject Verb Agreement • Sometimes the subject is not found before the verb. Be careful to see who or what is actually doing or being. You can turn the sentence around to make the subject come before the verb. • A phrase may come at the beginning of the sentence. • Behind the door was a prize. (Turn the sentence around to say, “A prize was behind the door.” Prize is the subject and tells what was. Prize is singular so you say, “prize was,” not “prize were.”)

32. I-3 Subject Verb Agreement • With questions, the verb, or part of it, can come before the subject. • DoesRosego to camp? • Do her sistersgo to camp? • If a sentence begins with there or here, the subject will come after the verb. • Here comes the parade. • There go the floats.

33. I-3 Subject Verb Agreement • Pronouns who, which, and that can be singular or plural depending on their antecedent. • An antecedent is the noun that a pronoun replaces or renames. • To determine subject-verb agreement: • Find the pronoun’s antecedent • Isolate the clause part • If pronoun renames a singular noun, verb should be singular • If pronoun renames a plural noun, verb should be plural

34. I-3 Subject Verb Agreement • Who, Which, and That Subject-verb Agreement: • The student who sells the most fruit wins a trip to Disney World. (singular subject, singular verb) • He is one of those students who always make A’s. (who refers to students, not one or he) plural

35. I-3 Subject Verb Agreement • Expressions of amount (time, distance, or amounts of money) are generally singular. • Fifty dollarsis a reasonable amount. • One plus twoequals three. • A single title used as a subject, even though it may appear plural, should be treated as singular. • “Four Winds”is a poem written by Sara Teasdale. • Tom and Jerry, my favorite cartoon, comes on at four o’clock in the afternoon.

36. I-3 Subject Verb Agreement Nouns Usually Treated as Singular Subjects Civics, Dollars, Economics, Mathematics, Measles, News, Physics, Politics, Sports • Mathematicsis a critically important subject to future engineers. • The good news of the win was announced over the intercom. • Either politics or sportsis usually discussed by the water cooler.

37. I-3 Subject Verb Agreement • Nouns treated as Plural Subjects: • Eyeglasses, pants, jeans, scissors • My eyeglassesare in the glove compartment. • Your pantsare too short. • The scissorswere defective. • Your jeansare cut. • They look plural and are treated as plural, but they actually represent something singular.

38. I-3 Subject Verb Agreement • Collective nouns are nouns that appear singular, but they represent a group. • When collective nouns refer to the group as a whole, they use a singular verb. • When collective nouns may refer to the individual members of the group in which case it takes a plural verb. • Examples: army, audience, band, bunch, class, club, collection, committee, crowd, faculty, family, fleet, flock, group, herd, jury, mob, public, swarm, team

39. I-3 Subject Verb Agreement Collective Nouns: • The committeemeets in the conference room every Friday morning. (singular, whole group) • The committeedisagree on the new budget plans. (plural, individual members) • The bandpractices in Leon’s basement. (singular, entire group) • The band practice their individual instruments in their own homes. (plural, individual member) *In most cases, collective nouns will be treated as singular.

40. I-3 Subject Verb Agreement Exception: Noun in the sentence determines if the verb is singular or plural: • The word number is singular if it has the article the in front of it. It is plural if it has the article a in front of it. • The number of fans attending the game was over seventy thousand. (singular) • A number of fans were tailgating hours before the game began. (plural)

41. I-3 Subject Verb Agreement Exception: • When a fraction is used as the subject, it is singular when it refers to a singular noun or a noun that cannot be counted. It is plural when it refers to a plural noun. • Two-thirds of the piewas eaten already. • Two-thirds of the bookswere damaged by the flood.

42. I-3 Subject Verb Agreement • Choose the sentence that is written correctly. • Each one of the teachers were given an award. • Either my brothers or my sister is driving me to the airport. • Few of the students really understands the calculus problem. • The decision of the lower courts were reversed by the appeals court. B

43. I-3 Subject Verb Agreement • Choose the sentence that contains an error. • One of the ten dollar bills was counterfeit. • This collection of stories is not very good. • The ability of these children surprises everyone. • The effects of sunburn is sometimes quite harmful. D

44. I-3 Subject Verb Agreement • Choose the correct word or words to complete the sentence. is driving from Huntsville to Mobile. • I • We • Her sister • Her sisters C

45. I-3 Subject Verb Agreement • Choose the sentence in which the underlined word is correct. • An ant and a wasp are insects. • Chemicals used in industry is sometimes harmful. • Only a few people gets to see the actors backstage. • “Memories” are the name of the poemI am reading. A

46. I-3 Subject Verb Agreement • Choose the sentence in which the underlined word is an error. • There are twenty-four chapters in the book. • He don’t swim well enough to cross the lake. • Three fourths of the forest was burned by the fire. • The safety factors in a helmet are important in an accident. B

47. I-3 Subject Verb Agreement 6. Choose the sentence in which the underlined word is an error. • Seven times three is twenty-one. • There are four books to read this semester. • She is one of those people who are always cheerful. • Three fourths of the amount have to be paid next week. D

48. STANDARD I: The student will recognize correct grammar and usage. Objective 5: Identify incorrect shifts in verb tense.

49. Verb Tense • When a sentence shows that two actions occur at the same time, whether past or present, both verbs should be consistent with that tense. • The verbs should not change tense unless there is a reason for the shift. • The tap water contains chlorine that kills bacteria. (correct) • The tap water contained chlorine that kills harmful bacteria. (incorrect)

50. Verb Tense – Past & Present Tenses • As Chuck arrives home, Nelly puts dinner into the oven. (correct) • As Chuck arrived home, Nelly put dinner into the oven. (correct) • As Chuck arrived home, Nelly puts dinner into the oven. (incorrect) • The moon is round, it is also white. (correct) • The moon is round, and it was also white. (incorrect)