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Macromolecules

Macromolecules. Lipid Lovers. Lipids - Fats, oils, waxes, and steroids Very high in energy because of the C-H bonds (9 calories per gram) Fats and oils differ because of the presence or lack of double bonds. Saturated vs. Unsaturated.

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Macromolecules

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  1. Macromolecules

  2. Lipid Lovers • Lipids - Fats, oils, waxes, and steroids • Very high in energy because of the C-H bonds (9 calories per gram) • Fats and oils differ because of the presence or lack of double bonds

  3. Saturated vs. Unsaturated • Saturated - All single bonds in the carbon backbone - stack closely together – thus they build up in our vascular system (harmful) • Unsaturated - Double bond creates a “kink” in the chain - can’t stack closely (don’t get stuck, but don’t remove other fats either) • Polyunsaturated - Multiple double bonds - can unsaturate a saturated fat by accepting Hydrogens (healthy since they remove built-up saturated fats)

  4. Partially hydrogenated oils • Margarine is an oil that has been “hydrogenated” • Extra Hydrogen atoms are added to make the oil thicker • Improves texture, but makes oils much more harmful to our health because it straigtens out the molecules

  5. Trans Fats • Trans fats are technically unsaturated, but act like a saturated fat (stack closely together) – (cis-fats are bent because the hydrogens on the same side of the fat repel each other due to their shared negative charges – most unsaturated fats are cis-fats) • Extremely harmful to heart health

  6. Carbohydrates • CnH2nOn - forumula • Single ring sugars - glucose and fructose • Double ring - Sucrose

  7. Complex Carbs • Found in some vegetables and grains • Harder for body to break down, longer lasting energy, less energy stored as fat for later use

  8. Fiber • Most dietary fiber consists of carbohydrates that cannot be broken down by humans • Used to clean our digestive system • Reduces colorectal cancer risk

  9. Proteins • Very complex molecules • Have many uses, including: • Energy • Information • Enzymes • Structure • Cellular Defense • Etc….

  10. Protein Synthesis • Proteins are made of a chain of amino acids (the monomer or “building block”) • Aminio acid chain is then folded, twisted, and otherwise contorted into a very specific 3-D shape

  11. “Essential” Amino Acids • Of 20 Amino Acids, 8 must be eaten (cannot be made by body) • These are most commonly found in meats and fish • Vegetarians/Vegans must choose foods carefully

  12. Protein Denaturation • Heat, pH change, or other environmental change can unwind, unzip, or unfold protein • Once shape is lost, function is lost • (Frying an egg is a great visual example of denaturation – the heat causes the proteins to unravel, which is why the liquid becomes a solid)

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